Which of the following statements regarding river meanders is/are corr

Which of the following statements regarding river meanders is/are correct?

  • 1. It is a U-shaped bend in a river.
  • 2. An extremely tight meander is called a gooseneck; it is likely to become a cutoff, or oxbow lake, after a flood.
  • 3. Tectonic uplift can cause a river to continue downcutting along its meandering course, producing incised or entrenched meanders.

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

1 only
1 and 2 only
2 and 3 only
1, 2 and 3
This question was previously asked in
UPSC CDS-1 – 2024
All three statements regarding river meanders are correct.
River meanders are natural sinuous bends formed in a river channel. They evolve over time and can be affected by geological processes like tectonic uplift. Tight meanders can be cut off during floods, forming oxbow lakes.
1. A meander is indeed a U-shaped or loop-like bend in the course of a river or stream.
2. A tightly curved meander loop with a narrow neck is often termed a gooseneck or incised meander loop. During high flow events (floods), the river can erode through the narrowest part of the neck, creating a new, shorter channel (a cutoff) and isolating the former meander loop as an oxbow lake.
3. If tectonic forces cause the land surface to be uplifted relative to the river’s base level, while the river continues to flow in its established meandering course, the river will erode downwards (downcut) into the uplifting bedrock. This process creates incised or entrenched meanders, which are meanders cut deeply into the landscape with steep valley walls.