Which of the following statements are not correct? 1. In world polit

Which of the following statements are not correct?

  • 1. In world politics, ‘hard power’ can be exercised by both States and other actors involving use of threat or coercion.
  • 2. Globalisation is necessarily economic, not cultural.
  • 3. The term ‘Washington Consensus’ refers to a policy that seeks intervention in the market.
  • 4. ‘Autarky’ is generally understood as economic ‘self-sufficiency’.

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

1 and 4 only
2 and 3 only
2, 3 and 4 only
1, 2, 3 and 4
This question was previously asked in
UPSC CDS-1 – 2024
The correct answer is B. Statements 2 and 3 are not correct.
Statement 1: ‘Hard power’ (military, economic coercion) can be exercised by both states and powerful non-state actors. This is generally correct.
Statement 2: Globalisation is multi-dimensional, encompassing economic, cultural, political, technological, etc., aspects. It is not necessarily only economic and not cultural; cultural globalisation is a significant dimension. Thus, statement 2 is incorrect.
Statement 3: The ‘Washington Consensus’ refers to a set of free-market policy recommendations that advocate for *less* state intervention in the market (e.g., privatization, deregulation, fiscal discipline). Thus, statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 4: ‘Autarky’ means economic self-sufficiency, typically achieved through protectionism or isolation. This statement is correct.
The incorrect statements are 2 and 3. Hard power exercised by non-state actors includes economic leverage by multinational corporations or coercive actions by non-state armed groups. The Washington Consensus policies were promoted in the 1980s and 1990s, primarily towards developing countries experiencing economic crises.