Which of the following socio-economic factors tend to keep birth rate

Which of the following socio-economic factors tend to keep birth rate in India significantly high ?
1. Poverty
2. Joint family system
3. Urbanisation
4. Universal marriage
Select the correct answer using the code given below :

1 and 2 only
3 and 4 only
1, 2 and 4 only
1, 2, 3 and 4
This question was previously asked in
UPSC SO-Steno – 2017
Options 1, 2, and 4 represent socio-economic factors that tend to keep the birth rate significantly high in India. Poverty often leads to lack of access to education and family planning, and children may be seen as assets. The joint family system can reduce the perceived cost and burden of raising multiple children. Universal marriage, especially early marriage, extends the reproductive period. Urbanisation (Factor 3), however, is generally associated with factors that *reduce* birth rates, such as increased access to education, employment opportunities for women, awareness and availability of family planning, higher cost of living, and smaller living spaces. Therefore, urbanisation tends to lower birth rates.
– Socio-economic factors play a significant role in determining fertility rates.
– Factors like poverty, traditional family structures, and marriage patterns can contribute to higher birth rates.
– Factors like urbanisation, education, and access to healthcare/family planning tend to reduce birth rates.
– Other factors contributing to high birth rates in certain areas might include high infant mortality rates (leading to a desire for more children), lack of awareness or access to contraception, and cultural/religious beliefs favoring larger families.
– India’s Total Fertility Rate (TFR) has been declining over the decades, indicating that the influence of these factors is diminishing overall, although they still contribute to regional variations.
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