Which of the following movements address both sociological and ecologi

Which of the following movements address both sociological and ecological issues ?

  1. The Trade Union movements in post-colonial India
  2. Narmada Bachao Andolan
  3. Jai Prakash Narain’s movement for total revolution
  4. Chilka Bachao Andolan

Select the correct answer using the code given below :

1 and 3 only
2 and 4 only
1, 2 and 3 only
1, 2, 3 and 4
This question was previously asked in
UPSC CAPF – 2009
Sociological issues relate to society, social structures, rights, inequality, etc. Ecological issues relate to the environment, conservation, sustainability, etc.
1. Trade Union movements: Primarily sociological (workers’ rights, wages).
2. Narmada Bachao Andolan: Protest against dams, addressing displacement (sociological) and environmental impact (ecological).
3. Jai Prakash Narain’s movement: Broad socio-political reform, primarily sociological/political.
4. Chilka Bachao Andolan: Movement to protect Chilka Lake, addressing environmental degradation (ecological) and impacting the livelihoods of traditional fishing communities (sociological).
Therefore, movements 2 and 4 address both sociological and ecological issues.
Environmental movements in India often have strong socio-economic dimensions, linking ecological conservation with the livelihoods and rights of affected communities.
Many movements resisting large development projects in India (dams, mines, industrial plants) highlight both the environmental damage caused and the social costs, such as displacement, loss of livelihoods, and violation of rights, thus demonstrating the intertwined nature of ecological and sociological concerns.