The correct answer is A. Cadmium.
Itai-Itai disease is a rare, but serious, bone disease caused by exposure to cadmium. It is characterized by severe bone pain, fractures, and kidney failure. The disease was first identified in Japan in the 1950s, and it is estimated that over 100 people have died from it.
Cadmium is a heavy metal that is found in the environment in small amounts. It can be released into the environment from mining, smelting, and other industrial activities. It can also be found in cigarette smoke, some fertilizers, and some types of plastics.
Exposure to cadmium can occur through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. Inhalation of cadmium fumes or dust is the most common route of exposure. Cadmium can also be absorbed through the skin, but this is less common. Once in the body, cadmium is quickly absorbed by the kidneys and then deposited in the bones.
The symptoms of Itai-Itai disease usually develop several years after exposure to cadmium. The first symptom is usually severe bone pain, which is often described as a “toothache in the bone.” The pain is usually in the lower back, hips, and legs. As the disease progresses, the bones become weak and brittle, and fractures are common. Kidney failure is also a common complication of Itai-Itai disease.
There is no cure for Itai-Itai disease, but the symptoms can be treated. Treatment usually involves removing the source of exposure to cadmium and providing supportive care. This may include pain medication, bed rest, and surgery to repair fractures.
The best way to prevent Itai-Itai disease is to avoid exposure to cadmium. This can be done by avoiding areas where cadmium is being released into the environment, such as near mines or smelters. It is also important to wash your hands thoroughly after handling any materials that may contain cadmium.
If you are concerned about your exposure to cadmium, you should talk to your doctor. They can test your blood and urine for cadmium levels and advise you on how to reduce your exposure.