Which of the following is not a characteristic of globalization ?

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Fragility of national barriers for the flow of capital and goods

Rapid flow of information, capital and goods

Networking of cultural, economic and political relations

Global infrastructure of formal and informal institutional arrangements

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This question was previously asked in

UPSC CAPF – 2014

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Globalization is characterized by the increased interconnectedness and interdependence of the world. Options A, B, and C describe key aspects of this phenomenon: reduced barriers allowing freer flow of capital and goods (A), the resulting rapid movement of information, capital, and goods across borders (B), and the increased interaction and interdependence across cultures, economies, and political systems (C). While a global infrastructure of formal and informal institutional arrangements (like WTO, IMF, international laws, norms) exists and facilitates globalization, its existence is often considered more of a consequence or facilitator of globalization rather than a fundamental characteristic defining the process of increased interaction and flow itself. Therefore, D is the least direct characteristic compared to the others which describe the core nature of global interactions.

Globalization is defined by reduced barriers, rapid flows, and increased interconnectedness. Global institutions are primarily facilitators and results of globalization rather than core defining characteristics of the process itself.

Characteristics of globalization commonly include the liberalization of trade and capital flows, technological advancements reducing communication and transportation costs, increased migration, rise of multinational corporations, and greater cultural exchange. While international institutions play a crucial role in governing and shaping globalization, the fundamental characteristics lie in the processes of interaction and integration across national borders.

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