Which of the following is / are characteristic(s) of the Ryotwari syst

Which of the following is / are characteristic(s) of the Ryotwari system?

1. It was the brainchild of Thomas Munro
2. It was meant to reduce intermediaries
3. Cultivating peasants were gradually impoverished by the system
4. It was introduced in parts of Madras and Bengal Presidency

Select the correct answer using the code given below :

1 only

1, 2 and 3

2 and 4 only

2, 3 and 4

Answer is Right!

Answer is Wrong!

This question was previously asked in

UPSC CAPF – 2016

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Statements 1, 2, and 3 are characteristic of the Ryotwari system. Statement 1: Thomas Munro, along with Charles Reed, was instrumental in developing and implementing the Ryotwari system. Statement 2: It aimed to establish a direct settlement between the government and the cultivator (Ryot), thereby reducing the role of intermediaries like Zamindars. Statement 3: While initially intended to benefit peasants, high revenue demands fixed by the state and rigid collection methods often led to the impoverishment of cultivating peasants. Statement 4 is incorrect; the Ryotwari system was primarily introduced in parts of the Madras and Bombay Presidencies, as well as Assam, but not Bengal Presidency (where the Permanent Settlement was prevalent).

The Ryotwari system established a direct relationship between the colonial state and the individual peasant cultivator regarding land revenue collection.

The revenue under the Ryotwari system was not permanently fixed but was periodically revised (usually every 20-30 years). This system eliminated the Zamindars as intermediaries but placed the burden of direct revenue payment and the risk of crop failure squarely on the peasant.

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