Which of the following factors adversely affects the capacity of the leadacid battery ?

The correct answer is D. All of the above.

The capacity of a lead-acid battery is affected by the temperature of the surroundings, the specific gravity of the electrolyte, and the rate of discharge.

• Temperature: The higher the temperature, the greater the capacity of the battery. This is because the higher temperature increases the rate of chemical reactions in the battery.
• Specific gravity: The specific gravity of the electrolyte is a measure of its density. The higher the specific gravity, the greater the capacity of the battery. This is because the higher specific gravity indicates that the electrolyte is more concentrated, which means that it contains more sulfuric acid. Sulfuric acid is the active ingredient in the battery that reacts to produce electricity.
• Rate of discharge: The rate of discharge is the rate at which the battery is being used. The higher the rate of discharge, the lower the capacity of the battery. This is because the higher rate of discharge causes the battery to heat up, which reduces its capacity.

In addition to these factors, the capacity of a lead-acid battery is also affected by its age, its condition, and the type of load that is being used.