The Bhakti movement was a Hindu devotional movement that began in the 6th century CE and continued to grow in popularity until the 18th century. The movement emphasized the importance of personal devotion to a particular deity, rather than the traditional emphasis on ritual and caste. The Bhakti movement was particularly popular among women, lower castes, and other marginalized groups.
There are several factors that contributed to the rise of the Bhakti movement. One factor was the caste system, which divided Hindus into rigid social groups. The caste system made it difficult for people from lower castes to achieve social mobility or religious advancement. The Bhakti movement offered a way for people from lower castes to express their religious devotion and to achieve spiritual equality.
Another factor that contributed to the rise of the Bhakti movement was the practice of untouchability. Untouchability is a social practice that excludes certain groups of people from mainstream society. People who are considered to be untouchable are often denied access to education, employment, and other basic rights. The Bhakti movement rejected the practice of untouchability and emphasized the importance of treating all people with respect.
Finally, the Bhakti movement was also a reaction against the growing formalism of Hinduism. In the centuries leading up to the Bhakti movement, Hinduism had become increasingly ritualized and complex. The Bhakti movement emphasized the importance of personal devotion and religious experience, rather than ritual and ceremony.
The Bhakti movement had a significant impact on Indian society and religion. The movement helped to spread the message of religious tolerance and equality, and it also played a role in the development of vernacular literature. The Bhakti movement continues to be an important force in Hinduism today.
To answer your question, all of the options (caste division, untouchability, and ritualism) contributed to the rise of the Bhakti movement.