The correct answer is: b) Tughlaq Dynasty.
The Tughlaq dynasty was a Muslim dynasty that ruled the Delhi Sultanate in India from 1320 to 1414. The dynasty was founded by Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq, who was a former slave of the Khalji dynasty. Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq was a powerful and ambitious ruler, and he quickly expanded the Delhi Sultanate to include much of northern India. He also built a number of new cities, including the new capital of Delhi, Tughlaqabad.
Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq’s son, Muhammad bin Tughluq, was even more ambitious than his father. He attempted to conquer the Deccan Plateau in southern India, but his campaign was a disaster. Muhammad bin Tughluq also introduced a number of unpopular reforms, including a new currency and a system of taxation that was based on the number of cattle owned by each household. These reforms led to widespread discontent, and Muhammad bin Tughluq was eventually overthrown in 1351.
The Tughlaq dynasty continued to rule the Delhi Sultanate for another 63 years, but it never regained the power and prestige that it had enjoyed under Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq. The last Tughlaq ruler, Mahmud Tughlaq, was overthrown in 1414, and the Delhi Sultanate was soon replaced by the Lodi dynasty.
The Tughlaq dynasty is known for its harsh rule and measures to defend against Mongol invasions. Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq was a skilled military commander, and he was able to repel a number of Mongol invasions. However, his son, Muhammad bin Tughluq, was less successful in dealing with the Mongols. Muhammad bin Tughluq’s policies alienated many of his subjects, and he was eventually overthrown by a Mongol army in 1351.
The Tughlaq dynasty is also known for its construction of new cities and monuments. Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq built the new capital of Delhi, Tughlaqabad, and Muhammad bin Tughluq built the city of Fatehpur Sikri. The Tughlaq dynasty also built a number of mosques and tombs, including the Qutub Minar, which is one of the tallest brick towers in the world.