The correct answer is: D. published/noted
The Italian astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli published a map of Mars in 1877. On this map, he noted a large number of straight linear features, which he called “canali”, that is, channels.
The other options are incorrect because they do not accurately reflect the order of events. For example, option A states that Schiaparelli “has noted” the canals, but this is not true. He did not note them until after he had published the map. Option B states that Schiaparelli “had published” the map and “was noting” the canals, but this is also not true. He did not publish the map until after he had noted the canals. Option C states that Schiaparelli “has published” the map and “notes” the canals, but this is not true. He did not note the canals after he had published the map. Option E states that Schiaparelli “would have published” the map and “had noted” the canals, but this is also not true. He did not publish the map until after he had noted the canals.