The correct answer is D. All of the above.
Tier-I capital is the core capital of a bank, which is the most stable and reliable form of capital. It is made up of paid-up equity capital, statutory and disclosed reserves, and perpetual non-cumulative preference shares. Additional Tier-I capital is a type of supplementary capital that can be used to meet regulatory capital requirements. It is made up of debt capital instruments that meet certain criteria, such as having a maturity of at least five years and being non-cumulative.
Paid-up equity capital is the amount of money that shareholders have invested in the bank. Statutory reserves are reserves that are required by law to be held by banks. Disclosed reserves are reserves that are not required by law to be held, but which are voluntarily held by banks. Perpetual non-cumulative preference shares are shares that do not pay dividends, and which do not have a maturity date. Debt capital instruments are loans that banks have taken out.
All of these elements are considered to be Tier-I capital because they are considered to be stable and reliable sources of funding. They are also considered to be loss-absorbing, meaning that they can be used to absorb losses if the bank fails.