The correct answer is: d) All of the above.
Western education led to the emergence of a new English-educated Indian elite who were critical of traditional social hierarchies and revived interest in Tamil literature.
The British East India Company established schools in India in the 18th century to train Indians to work for the company. These schools taught English, mathematics, and science. They also taught Indian students about Western culture and history.
The British government took over education in India in the 19th century. The government established more schools and colleges, and it made English the medium of instruction. This led to the emergence of a new English-educated Indian elite.
This new elite was critical of traditional social hierarchies. They argued that these hierarchies were based on birth and not on merit. They also argued that these hierarchies were unjust and that they prevented Indians from achieving their full potential.
The new elite also revived interest in Tamil literature. They translated Tamil literature into English and published it in journals and newspapers. They also wrote about Tamil literature and its importance to Indian culture.
The emergence of a new English-educated Indian elite, critiques of traditional social hierarchies, and revival of interest in Tamil literature were all important consequences of Western education in India.