The correct answer is a) Stratigraphy.
Stratigraphy is the study of the layers of soil and artifacts in order to understand the history of a site. By understanding the stratigraphy, archaeologists can determine the order in which things were deposited, and can learn about the activities that took place at the site over time.
Typology is the study of the types of artifacts found at a site. By understanding the typology, archaeologists can learn about the culture that produced the artifacts, and can compare the artifacts from different sites to learn about the relationships between different cultures.
Ethnoarchaeology is the study of living cultures in order to understand how they interact with their environment and how they produce artifacts. By understanding ethnoarchaeology, archaeologists can better interpret the artifacts found at archaeological sites.
Iconography is the study of images, especially religious images. By understanding iconography, archaeologists can learn about the beliefs and values of the people who produced the images.
In conclusion, the correct answer is a) Stratigraphy. Stratigraphy is the study of the layers of soil and artifacts in order to understand the history of a site. By understanding the stratigraphy, archaeologists can determine the order in which things were deposited, and can learn about the activities that took place at the site over time.