Under the Kingdom Plantae, which of the following individuals are pred

Under the Kingdom Plantae, which of the following individuals are predominantly aquatic?

Bryophytes
Algae
Pteridophyta
Gymnosperms
This question was previously asked in
UPSC CDS-2 – 2020
Algae are predominantly aquatic among the given options.
While taxonomic classifications can vary, in the context of comparing these groups, Algae are overwhelmingly found in aquatic environments (freshwater, marine, brackish). Bryophytes are primarily terrestrial but require moist habitats and water for reproduction. Pteridophyta (ferns) are also mostly terrestrial, although some species are aquatic. Gymnosperms (like conifers) are exclusively terrestrial plants. Therefore, Algae represent the group that is predominantly aquatic.
Algae are a very diverse group of photosynthetic organisms ranging from single-celled microalgae to large multicellular seaweeds. They play crucial roles as primary producers in aquatic ecosystems.