Twinkling of stars is primarily due to the atmospheric
refraction
reflection
polarization
dispersion
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This question was previously asked in
UPSC NDA-2 – 2021
Twinkling of stars is caused by atmospheric refraction. As starlight passes through different layers of the Earth’s atmosphere with varying densities and temperatures, it undergoes repeated refraction in random directions, causing the apparent position and brightness of the star to fluctuate.