The correct answer is: A. data
Data is the raw material that is used to test and evaluate theories. Theories are made up of hypotheses, which are statements about the relationship between two or more variables. Hypotheses can be tested by collecting data and seeing if it supports or refutes the hypothesis. If the data supports the hypothesis, then the theory is strengthened. If the data refutes the hypothesis, then the theory must be revised or abandoned.
Information is a more general term that can refer to any type of knowledge or understanding. It can be used to support or refute theories, but it is not the same as data. Data is specific and measurable, while information can be more general and subjective.
Principles are general rules or guidelines that can be used to guide behavior or decision-making. They are not the same as theories, which are more specific and testable. Principles can be used to support or refute theories, but they are not the same thing.
Propositions are statements that can be true or false. They are not the same as theories, which are more complex and testable. Propositions can be used to support or refute theories, but they are not the same thing.
In conclusion, the correct answer is: A. data. Data is the raw material that is used to test and evaluate theories.