The correct answer is: a) Exploitation of peasants.
The zamindari system was a system of land tenure in India under which a large landowner, known as a zamindar, held a large tract of land from the government in return for a fixed revenue payment. The zamindars were responsible for collecting taxes from the peasants who worked the land, and they often exploited them by charging high rents and taking a share of their crops. This led to widespread poverty and unrest among the peasantry.
Agricultural innovation is the process of introducing new technologies and practices to improve crop yields and reduce costs. The zamindari system did not lead to agricultural innovation, as the zamindars were more interested in extracting revenue from the peasants than in improving agricultural productivity.
Social mobility is the ability of individuals to move up or down the social ladder. The zamindari system did not lead to social mobility, as the zamindars were a hereditary class who were not open to new members.
Equitable land distribution is the distribution of land in a way that is fair and just. The zamindari system did not lead to equitable land distribution, as the zamindars held most of the land while the peasants had very little.