The correct answer is: a) Prehistoric times.
Shifting cultivation, also known as jhum cultivation, is a traditional agricultural practice that involves clearing a piece of land by cutting and burning the vegetation, then planting crops on the cleared land for a few years before abandoning it and moving on to a new area. This practice has been used for centuries in many parts of the world, including Asia, Africa, and South America.
There is evidence that shifting cultivation was practiced in India as early as the prehistoric period. In fact, the word “jhum” is derived from the Sanskrit word “jhumra,” which means “to burn.” The practice of shifting cultivation was widespread in India until the 20th century, when it began to be replaced by more intensive forms of agriculture. However, it is still practiced by millions of people in India, particularly in the northeastern states.
There are several reasons why shifting cultivation is practiced. One reason is that it is a relatively low-input form of agriculture. Farmers do not need to invest in expensive machinery or fertilizers, as they can simply clear a piece of land and plant crops. Another reason is that shifting cultivation can be a sustainable form of agriculture, if it is practiced in a way that allows the land to regenerate. However, if it is not practiced sustainably, it can lead to deforestation and soil erosion.
In recent years, there has been a growing debate about the sustainability of shifting cultivation. Some experts argue that it is a destructive practice that should be abandoned, while others argue that it can be a sustainable form of agriculture if it is practiced in a way that allows the land to regenerate. The debate is likely to continue for some time, as there is no easy answer to the question of whether or not shifting cultivation is sustainable.
The other options are incorrect because:
- The Vedic Age was a period of Indian history that lasted from around 1500 to 500 BCE. There is no evidence that shifting cultivation was practiced during this time.
- The medieval period was a period of Indian history that lasted from around 500 to 1500 CE. There is some evidence that shifting cultivation was practiced during this time, but it was not as widespread as it was in prehistoric times.
- British colonial rule began in India in the 17th century and lasted until the 20th century. There is no evidence that shifting cultivation was introduced to India by the British.