The total fertility rate in an economy is defined as :

The total fertility rate in an economy is defined as :

the number of children born per 1000 people in the population in a year.
the number of children born to a couple in their lifetime in a given population.
the birth rate minus death rate.
the average number of live births a woman would have by the end of her child-bearing age.
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UPSC IAS – 2024
The correct option is D.
Total Fertility Rate (TFR) is a demographic measure defined as the average number of children that would be born to a woman over her lifetime if she were to experience the exact current age-specific fertility rates through her reproductive years, and survive through all those years. It represents the potential number of children born per woman.
Option A describes the Crude Birth Rate (CBR).
Option B is a simplified concept, but TFR is a theoretical construct based on population-wide age-specific rates, not an average of actual children born to specific couples or women who have completed their childbearing.
Option C describes the natural growth rate (or rate of natural increase), if expressed per 1000 people.
Option D accurately defines the Total Fertility Rate.
A TFR of approximately 2.1 is generally considered replacement level fertility, meaning that each generation is having just enough children to replace itself, accounting for mortality before the end of the reproductive years.
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