The correct answer is C. Red phosphorus.
White phosphorus is a highly flammable and toxic substance that is not used in matchsticks. Phosphorus pentoxide is an oxide of phosphorus that is not used in matchsticks. Phosphorus trichloride is a chloride of phosphorus that is not used in matchsticks.
Red phosphorus is a less flammable and less toxic form of phosphorus that is used in matchsticks. When red phosphorus is struck against the rough surface of the matchbox, it produces heat that ignites the flammable material on the tip of the matchstick.