The correct answer is D.
The steps in planning process are:
- Goal setting
- Specifying alternatives
- Analysing alternatives
- Elaborating plans and specifying details
- Establishing standards for measurement
- Maintaining communication
- Maintaining a time perspective
- Planning for unpredictable contingencies
- Organising
- Implementing
- Ensuring participation
- Follow-up, providing for flexibility
Goal setting is the first step in the planning process. It involves identifying the desired outcomes of the plan. Once the goals have been set, the next step is to specify the alternatives that are available to achieve those goals. The alternatives should be evaluated and the best one should be selected. The next step is to elaborate the plans and specify the details. This includes developing a timeline, identifying the resources that will be needed, and assigning tasks to the people who will be responsible for carrying out the plan. Once the plans have been elaborated, the next step is to establish standards for measurement. This will help to ensure that the plan is implemented effectively and that the goals are met. The next step is to maintain communication. This involves keeping all stakeholders informed of the progress of the plan and any changes that are made. The next step is to maintain a time perspective. This means keeping track of the progress of the plan and making sure that it is on track. The next step is to plan for unpredictable contingencies. This involves identifying potential problems that could occur and developing contingency plans to deal with them. The next step is to organize. This involves creating a structure for implementing the plan and assigning tasks to the people who will be responsible for carrying out the plan. The next step is to implement the plan. This involves carrying out the tasks that have been assigned and monitoring the progress of the plan. The next step is to ensure participation. This involves getting everyone involved in the planning process and making sure that they are committed to the plan. The final step is to follow up, providing for flexibility. This involves monitoring the progress of the plan and making changes as needed.