The correct answer is: Climate, parent material, and topography.
Climate is the most important factor influencing soil formation. The type of climate determines the amount of precipitation and temperature, which in turn affect the rate of weathering and erosion. Parent material is the material from which the soil is formed. It can be rock, sediment, or organic matter. Topography is the physical features of the land, such as mountains, valleys, and hills. It affects the drainage of the soil and the amount of sunlight it receives.
Proximity to the ocean does not have a significant impact on soil formation. Mining activities can pollute the soil, but they do not directly influence its formation. Industrial pollution can also pollute the soil, but it is not a major factor in soil formation.
Here is a more detailed explanation of each factor:
- Climate: The type of climate determines the amount of precipitation and temperature, which in turn affect the rate of weathering and erosion. In a humid climate, there is a lot of precipitation, which causes the soil to be leached of its nutrients. In an arid climate, there is little precipitation, which causes the soil to be dry and hard. The temperature also affects the rate of weathering. In a hot climate, the soil weathers more quickly than in a cold climate.
- Parent material: The parent material is the material from which the soil is formed. It can be rock, sediment, or organic matter. Rock is the most common parent material. It is broken down by weathering to form soil. Sediment is soil that has been transported by water or wind. Organic matter is soil that is made up of plant and animal remains.
- Topography: The topography is the physical features of the land, such as mountains, valleys, and hills. It affects the drainage of the soil and the amount of sunlight it receives. Soil on a slope is more likely to be eroded than soil on a flat surface. Soil in a valley is more likely to be wet than soil on a hill.
I hope this helps!