The correct answer is D. All of the above.
A functional organization is a type of organizational structure in which employees are grouped together based on their functional specialty. This type of structure is often used in large organizations with multiple departments, such as marketing, sales, and finance.
The salient features of a functional organization include:
- Strict adherence to specifications: In a functional organization, employees are expected to follow strict procedures and guidelines. This is necessary to ensure that the organization’s products or services meet the required standards.
- Separation of planning and design part: In a functional organization, the planning and design functions are typically separated from the production or implementation functions. This allows for a more efficient and effective use of resources.
- Each individual maintains functional efficiency: In a functional organization, each individual is responsible for maintaining their own functional efficiency. This means that they are responsible for keeping up-to-date with the latest developments in their field and for ensuring that they are using the most efficient methods and procedures.
Functional organizations can be effective in large organizations with multiple departments. However, they can also be inflexible and slow to change. Additionally, they can create silos between departments, which can make it difficult to share information and collaborate on projects.
In recent years, many organizations have moved away from functional organizations in favor of more flexible and collaborative structures. However, functional organizations can still be effective in certain situations.