The correct answer is: d) All of the above.
The Revolt of 1857, also known as the Indian Rebellion of 1857, was a major uprising in India against the rule of the British East India Company. The revolt began in Meerut, in the North-Western Provinces, on 10 May 1857, and spread rapidly to other parts of India. The rebels were motivated by a variety of factors, including religious and economic grievances, as well as resentment of British rule.
The revolt was ultimately unsuccessful, but it had a profound impact on British rule in India. The British government responded to the revolt by increasing its control over India and by suppressing traditional Indian elites. This led to a number of measures, including closer surveillance of landed classes, discontinuation of patronage to religious institutions, and restrictions on social gatherings.
Closer surveillance of landed classes
The British government increased its surveillance of the landed classes in order to prevent further uprisings. This included keeping records of the movements and activities of the landed classes, as well as monitoring their correspondence.
Discontinuation of patronage to religious institutions
The British government also discontinued its patronage of religious institutions. This was done in order to reduce the influence of religion on Indian society and to prevent religious leaders from inciting further rebellion.
Restrictions on social gatherings
The British government also imposed restrictions on social gatherings. This was done in order to prevent the spread of anti-British sentiment and to reduce the opportunities for rebels to organize.
These measures had a significant impact on the traditional elites in Punjab. They were seen as a betrayal of the trust that had existed between the British and the traditional elites, and they led to a great deal of resentment. This resentment would later contribute to the rise of the Indian independence movement.