The correct answer is: d) All of the above.
Protected cultivation is a method of growing crops in a controlled environment, such as a greenhouse or polytunnel. This allows farmers to grow crops outside of their normal growing season, as well as to protect them from pests and diseases.
The use of high-yielding varieties of crops can also help to increase production. These varieties are bred to be more productive than traditional varieties, and they can also be more resistant to pests and diseases.
Precision farming is a system of farming that uses technology to collect and analyze data about crops and soil conditions. This data can then be used to make decisions about irrigation, fertilization, and pest control. Precision farming can help to improve crop yields and reduce costs.
All of these methods can be used to increase the production of off-season vegetables in Punjab.