The correct answer is: a) Primitive subsistence farming.
Jhum cultivation, also known as shifting cultivation, slash-and-burn agriculture, or swidden agriculture, is a traditional agricultural system that involves clearing a piece of land by cutting and burning the vegetation, then cultivating it for a few years before abandoning it and moving on to another plot. This type of agriculture is often practiced in tropical rainforests, where the soil is relatively poor and nutrient-rich vegetation is abundant.
Jhum cultivation is a type of primitive subsistence farming because it is a low-input, low-output system that is not designed to maximize yields. Instead, it is a way of using the land that is sustainable in the long term, as long as the land is allowed to regenerate after it has been abandoned.
Intensive commercial farming is a type of agriculture that is designed to maximize yields. It uses high levels of inputs, such as fertilizers, pesticides, and machinery, and it often involves monoculture, which is the cultivation of a single crop on a large area of land.
Mixed farming is a type of agriculture that combines crop cultivation with livestock raising. It is often practiced in temperate climates, where the climate is suitable for both crops and livestock.
Plantation agriculture is a type of agriculture that is characterized by large-scale production of a single crop, such as coffee, tea, or bananas. It is often practiced in tropical climates, where the climate is suitable for the cultivation of these crops.