The correct answer is: b) Large-scale emigration of educated youth.
Brain drain is the emigration of a large number of skilled professionals from a country, typically to developed countries. The phenomenon of ‘brain drain’ from Punjab refers to the large-scale emigration of educated youth from the Indian state of Punjab. This has been a major concern for the state government, as it has led to a shortage of skilled workers in the state. The main reasons for the brain drain from Punjab are the lack of job opportunities, the poor quality of education, and the high cost of living.
Option a) Migration of unskilled labor is incorrect because the brain drain refers to the emigration of skilled professionals, not unskilled labor.
Option c) Return migration of aging population is incorrect because the brain drain refers to the emigration of young people, not the return migration of the aging population.
Option d) Seasonal movement of farm laborers is incorrect because the brain drain refers to the permanent emigration of skilled professionals, not the seasonal movement of farm laborers.