The correct answer is D. All of the above.
Volcanoes, island arcs, and earthquakes are all phenomena associated with the collision and subduction of tectonic plates.
When two tectonic plates collide, one plate is forced beneath the other. This process is called subduction. As the subducting plate descends into the Earth’s mantle, it melts and the magma rises to the surface, forming volcanoes.
The magma that rises to the surface can also form island arcs. Island arcs are chains of volcanoes that form when the subducting plate melts and the magma rises to the surface.
Earthquakes can also occur along subduction zones. When the subducting plate descends into the Earth’s mantle, it causes the overlying plate to deform. This deformation can release energy in the form of earthquakes.
In conclusion, volcanoes, island arcs, and earthquakes are all phenomena associated with the collision and subduction of tectonic plates.