The correct answer is (d). The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Act, 2019 has retrospective effect from 19th September 2018. This means that the provisions of the Act can be applied to cases of triple talaq that took place before the Act came into force.
The Act was passed by the Parliament of India on 30th July 2019 and came into force on 19th September 2019. The Act makes triple talaq, or instant divorce, a criminal offence punishable with imprisonment of up to three years and a fine. It also provides for the payment of maintenance to the divorced woman and her children.
The Act has been welcomed by many as a step towards protecting the rights of Muslim women. However, it has also been criticized by some who argue that it interferes with the religious freedom of Muslims.
The Act has been challenged in the Supreme Court of India. The Court is currently hearing a petition challenging the constitutional validity of the Act. The Court is expected to give its verdict in the near future.
The options (a), (b), and (c) are incorrect because the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Act, 2019 does not have retrospective effect from those dates.