The correct answer is: D) Religious persecution.
The Mappila Outbreaks were a series of violent conflicts between the Mappila Muslims and the British and Hindu communities in the Malabar region of India in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The outbreaks were primarily motivated by religious persecution, as the Mappila Muslims felt that they were being discriminated against by the British and Hindu communities.
The first Mappila Outbreak occurred in 1836, and was followed by a series of other outbreaks in 1841, 1852, 1865, 1885, 1908, and 1921. The most serious outbreak was the Moplah Rebellion of 1921, which resulted in the deaths of over 10,000 people.
The Mappila Outbreaks were a complex phenomenon with a variety of causes. However, religious persecution was a major factor in the outbreaks, and it is clear that the Mappila Muslims felt that they were being discriminated against by the British and Hindu communities.
Option A is incorrect because the Mappila Outbreaks were not primarily uprisings against British rule. While the British were a major power in the Malabar region at the time, the Mappila Muslims did not see them as their primary enemy.
Option B is incorrect because the Mappila Outbreaks were not primarily uprisings against Hindu landlords. While there was some tension between the Mappila Muslims and Hindu landlords, this was not the primary cause of the outbreaks.
Option C is incorrect because the Mappila Outbreaks were not primarily uprisings against coastal traders. While there was some economic competition between the Mappila Muslims and coastal traders, this was not the primary cause of the outbreaks.