The correct answer is: A) Communal riots.
The Mappila Outbreaks were a series of violent clashes between the Mappila Muslims and the Hindu Nairs in the Malabar region of Kerala, India, during the 19th and early 20th centuries. The outbreaks were primarily caused by communal tensions between the two communities, which had been exacerbated by British colonial rule.
The first major Mappila Outbreak occurred in 1829, and there were several more outbreaks in the following decades. The most serious outbreak occurred in 1921, when thousands of people were killed. The violence was eventually suppressed by the British, but the communal tensions between the Mappila Muslims and the Hindu Nairs have persisted to this day.
The Mappila Outbreaks have been interpreted in different ways by historians. Some have seen them as a purely religious conflict, while others have argued that they were also motivated by economic and political factors. However, there is no doubt that the outbreaks were a major turning point in the history of Kerala.
Here is a brief explanation of each option:
- A) Communal riots: Communal riots are violent clashes between members of different religious or ethnic groups. The Mappila Outbreaks were primarily caused by communal tensions between the Mappila Muslims and the Hindu Nairs.
- B) Anti-British revolts: Anti-British revolts are uprisings against British rule. The Mappila Outbreaks were not primarily anti-British revolts, although they did take place against the backdrop of British colonial rule.
- C) Peasant uprisings: Peasant uprisings are revolts by peasants against their landlords or the government. The Mappila Outbreaks were not primarily peasant uprisings, although they did involve some peasants.
- D) Social reform movements: Social reform movements are movements that seek to change social structures or institutions. The Mappila Outbreaks were not primarily social reform movements, although they did have some social reform aspects.