The correct answer is D. habitat loss and degradation.
Habitat loss and degradation is the major cause of species extinction. Habitat loss occurs when a natural area is converted to another use, such as agriculture, development, or mining. Habitat degradation occurs when a natural area is damaged or destroyed, making it less suitable for the species that live there.
Habitat loss and degradation can be caused by human activities, such as deforestation, pollution, and climate change. They can also be caused by natural disasters, such as floods, fires, and earthquakes.
Habitat loss and degradation can have a devastating impact on species. When a species loses its habitat, it can no longer find food or shelter. This can lead to starvation, disease, and death. Habitat loss can also make it difficult for species to reproduce.
Habitat loss and degradation is a major threat to biodiversity. It is estimated that one-fourth of all species on Earth are at risk of extinction due to habitat loss and degradation.
Agricultural activities, extraction (including mining, fishing, logging), and development (human settlements, industry) can also contribute to species extinction, but they are not as significant as habitat loss and degradation.
Agricultural activities can lead to habitat loss and degradation when land is cleared for crops or grazing. Extraction activities, such as mining and logging, can also lead to habitat loss and degradation when forests and other natural areas are cleared to extract resources. Development activities, such as construction of roads and buildings, can also lead to habitat loss and degradation when natural areas are converted to other uses.
However, habitat loss and degradation is the most significant cause of species extinction. It is important to protect and conserve habitats in order to prevent species extinction.