The literacy rate in Odisha has shown significant improvement in recent decades, primarily due to:

The correct answer is: d) All of the above

Odisha has made significant progress in improving literacy rates in recent decades. The literacy rate for people aged 7 and above increased from 63.8% in 2001 to 72.8% in 2011. This progress is due to a number of factors, including:

• Expansion of education: The government of Odisha has made significant investments in education, including building new schools, hiring more teachers, and providing free textbooks and uniforms to students. This has made education more accessible to people from all backgrounds.
• Focus on girl child education: The government of Odisha has also made a special effort to improve the education of girls. This includes providing scholarships, building separate toilets for girls in schools, and appointing female teachers. As a result, the literacy rate for girls in Odisha has increased from 54.6% in 2001 to 67.9% in 2011.
• Mid-day meal programs: The government of Odisha also provides free mid-day meals to students in government schools. This has helped to improve attendance and reduce dropout rates.

These factors have all contributed to the significant improvement in literacy rates in Odisha.