The correct answer is D. All of the above.
Seismic surveying, echo sounder, and side-scan sonar are all methods that have been used to map the topography of the ocean basins.
Seismic surveying uses sound waves to create a picture of the ocean floor. Echo sounder uses sound waves to measure the depth of the ocean. Side-scan sonar uses sound waves to create a picture of the ocean floor along the side of the ship.
These methods have been used to map the topography of the ocean basins, including the mid-ocean ridges, abyssal plains, and trenches.
The mid-ocean ridges are long, linear mountain ranges that run through the middle of the ocean basins. They are formed by the upwelling of magma from the Earth’s mantle.
The abyssal plains are flat, low-lying areas of the ocean floor. They cover about 50% of the Earth’s surface.
The trenches are deep, narrow depressions in the ocean floor. They are formed by the subduction of one tectonic plate under another.
The knowledge about the topography of the ocean basins has been used to understand the Earth’s geology and to map the distribution of resources, such as oil and gas.