The Khilafat Movement was built around

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opposing British rule in India

protecting the sovereignty of the Khalifa

opposing the national movement

protesting against lack of educational opportunities in India

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UPSC CAPF – 2013

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The Khilafat Movement (1919-1924) was primarily a reaction by Indian Muslims to the treatment of the Ottoman Empire by the Allied powers after World War I. The Ottoman Sultan was considered the Khalifa (Caliph), the spiritual and political head of Muslims worldwide. The movement in India was organized to protest against the perceived humiliation of the Khalifa and the disintegration of his empire, and to pressure the British government to protect the sovereignty of the Khalifa and preserve his control over holy sites. While it later allied with the Indian nationalist movement under Gandhi (Non-Cooperation Movement), its foundational cause was the defense of the Caliphate.

– The Khilafat Movement emerged after World War I.
– It was a protest by Indian Muslims regarding the fate of the Ottoman Empire and the Khalifa.
– The central demand was to protect the sovereignty and position of the Khalifa.

Prominent leaders of the movement included the Ali brothers (Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar and Shaukat Ali), Maulana Azad, Hakim Ajmal Khan, and Hasrat Mohani. Mahatma Gandhi saw it as an opportunity to unite Hindus and Muslims against British rule. The movement lost its main objective when the Caliphate was abolished in Turkey by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in 1924.

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