The correct answer is D. All of the above.
The introduction of commercial crops like cotton in Telangana led to increased agricultural productivity, changes in land ownership patterns, and farmer indebtedness.
Increased agricultural productivity: The introduction of commercial crops like cotton led to increased agricultural productivity in Telangana. This is because cotton is a high-value crop that can be grown in a variety of climates. As a result, farmers in Telangana were able to increase their incomes by growing cotton.
Changes in land ownership patterns: The introduction of commercial crops like cotton also led to changes in land ownership patterns in Telangana. This is because large landowners were able to acquire more land by buying up smallholdings from farmers who were unable to make a profit from growing cotton. As a result, the gap between the rich and the poor widened in Telangana.
Farmer indebtedness: The introduction of commercial crops like cotton also led to farmer indebtedness in Telangana. This is because farmers had to borrow money from moneylenders to buy seeds, fertilizer, and other inputs. As a result, many farmers became trapped in a cycle of debt that they were unable to escape.
In conclusion, the introduction of commercial crops like cotton in Telangana led to a number of changes, including increased agricultural productivity, changes in land ownership patterns, and farmer indebtedness. These changes had a significant impact on the lives of farmers in Telangana.