The correct answer is: d) All of the above.
The growth of industries in Punjab led to the emergence of labor movements focused on better wages and working conditions, the right to form unions, and social welfare measures.
- Better wages and working conditions: Laborers in Punjab were often paid very low wages and worked in dangerous and unhealthy conditions. The labor movements demanded higher wages, shorter hours, and safer working conditions.
- The right to form unions: Labor unions are organizations that represent the interests of workers. They negotiate with employers on behalf of their members and can strike if they are not satisfied with the terms of employment. The labor movements in Punjab fought for the right of workers to form unions.
- Social welfare measures: Social welfare measures are government programs that provide assistance to the poor, the elderly, and the disabled. The labor movements in Punjab also demanded social welfare measures, such as unemployment insurance, pensions, and healthcare.
The labor movements in Punjab were successful in achieving some of their goals. They won higher wages, shorter hours, and safer working conditions for many workers. They also helped to establish labor unions and social welfare measures. However, the labor movements in Punjab faced many challenges, including opposition from employers and the government. Despite these challenges, the labor movements in Punjab made a significant contribution to the improvement of the lives of workers in Punjab.