The gradual integration of tribal areas into colonial and later Indian administration transformed traditional power structures, leading to:

The correct answer is: d) All of the above.

The gradual integration of tribal areas into colonial and later Indian administration transformed traditional power structures, leading to loss of autonomy for some tribes, emergence of new leadership, and changes in land ownership patterns.

• Loss of autonomy for some tribes: The British colonial government imposed its own laws and administration on tribal areas, often without regard for local customs or traditions. This led to the loss of autonomy for many tribes, who were now subject to the laws and regulations of the colonial government.
• Emergence of new leadership: The British colonial government also appointed new leaders to administer tribal areas. These new leaders were often not from the traditional tribal leadership, and they often had different priorities and agendas. This led to the emergence of new leadership structures in tribal areas.
• Changes in land ownership patterns: The British colonial government also introduced new land ownership laws and regulations. These new laws often led to changes in land ownership patterns in tribal areas, as land was transferred from traditional owners to new owners.

These changes had a profound impact on tribal societies, and they continue to be felt today.