The correct answer is: d) All of the above.
The gradual integration of tribal areas into colonial and later Indian administration led to a number of changes, including the transformation of traditional power structures, the introduction of new economic systems, and changes in social customs.
One of the most significant changes was the transformation of traditional power structures. In many tribal areas, power was traditionally held by a council of elders or a chief. However, with the arrival of the British, these traditional power structures were often undermined. The British often appointed their own officials to administer tribal areas, and they also introduced new laws and regulations that changed the way that power was exercised.
Another significant change was the introduction of new economic systems. In many tribal areas, the economy was based on subsistence agriculture and hunting. However, with the arrival of the British, new economic opportunities were created. For example, the British built roads and railways, which opened up new markets for tribal products. They also introduced new crops and technologies, which changed the way that people lived and worked.
Finally, the integration of tribal areas into colonial and later Indian administration also led to changes in social customs. For example, the British introduced new education systems, which exposed tribal people to new ideas and values. They also introduced new laws and regulations that changed the way that people lived their lives.
Overall, the gradual integration of tribal areas into colonial and later Indian administration led to a number of changes, including the transformation of traditional power structures, the introduction of new economic systems, and changes in social customs. These changes had a profound impact on the lives of tribal people, and they continue to shape their lives today.