The correct answer is: d) All of the above
The Communist Party of India (CPI) played a significant role in organizing peasant movements in Andhra Pradesh during the pre-independence and post-independence periods. These movements aimed to abolish the zamindari system, secure land rights for tenant farmers, and fight against bonded labor.
The zamindari system was a feudal system of land tenure in India that was abolished in 1950. Under the zamindari system, landlords (zamindars) owned large tracts of land and collected rent from tenant farmers. The CPI opposed the zamindari system because it was seen as exploitative and unjust. The CPI organized peasant movements to demand the abolition of the zamindari system and the redistribution of land to tenant farmers.
The CPI also organized peasant movements to fight against bonded labor. Bonded labor is a form of forced labor in which workers are bound to their employers by debt. The CPI opposed bonded labor because it was seen as a form of slavery. The CPI organized peasant movements to demand the abolition of bonded labor and the release of bonded laborers.
The CPI’s peasant movements were successful in achieving some of their goals. The zamindari system was abolished in 1950, and land was redistributed to some tenant farmers. Bonded labor was also abolished, and some bonded laborers were released. However, the CPI’s peasant movements did not achieve all of their goals. Land reform was not implemented effectively, and many tenant farmers did not receive land. Bonded labor was not completely eradicated, and some bonded laborers remained in bondage.
Despite these limitations, the CPI’s peasant movements had a significant impact on the lives of peasants in Andhra Pradesh. The movements helped to raise awareness of the problems faced by peasants, and they helped to improve the lives of some peasants. The movements also helped to build a strong peasant movement in Andhra Pradesh, which has continued to fight for the rights of peasants.