The correct answer is: d) All of the above.
The commercialization of agriculture in Punjab led to increased prosperity for farmers, growth of cash crops, and indebtedness and land alienation.
Increased prosperity for farmers
The commercialization of agriculture in Punjab led to increased prosperity for farmers. This was due to a number of factors, including the Green Revolution, which increased crop yields, and the expansion of irrigation, which made it possible to grow crops on land that was previously unsuitable for agriculture. As a result, farmers in Punjab were able to produce more crops and earn more money.
Growth of cash crops
The commercialization of agriculture in Punjab also led to the growth of cash crops. Cash crops are crops that are grown for sale, rather than for consumption by the farmer or their family. The most important cash crops in Punjab are wheat, rice, and cotton. The growth of cash crops has led to an increase in the income of farmers, as well as an increase in the demand for agricultural labor.
Indebtedness and land alienation
However, the commercialization of agriculture in Punjab has also led to indebtedness and land alienation. This is because farmers often have to borrow money to finance the purchase of inputs, such as seeds, fertilizer, and pesticides. If the crops fail, the farmers may not be able to repay the loans, and they may lose their land.
In conclusion, the commercialization of agriculture in Punjab has had both positive and negative effects. It has led to increased prosperity for farmers, but it has also led to indebtedness and land alienation.