The correct answer is: D. Scalar chain.
The scalar chain is the chain of command from the highest authority to the lowest level in the organization. It is a formal line of authority that defines who reports to whom. The scalar chain is important because it ensures that orders and information flow smoothly up and down the organization. It also helps to prevent confusion and conflict by establishing clear lines of authority.
Unity of direction is the principle that there should be one head and one plan for a group of activities having the same objective. Unity of command is the principle that each employee should receive orders from only one superior. Centralization is the degree to which decision-making is concentrated at the top of an organization.
Here is a brief explanation of each option:
- Unity of direction is the principle that there should be one head and one plan for a group of activities having the same objective. This means that all activities that are related to a common goal should be coordinated and directed by a single person or group. This principle helps to ensure that there is unity of purpose and effort within an organization.
- Unity of command is the principle that each employee should receive orders from only one superior. This means that employees should not be subject to conflicting orders from different managers. This principle helps to ensure that employees know who their boss is and who they should report to.
- Centralization is the degree to which decision-making is concentrated at the top of an organization. In a centralized organization, most decisions are made by top management. In a decentralized organization, decisions are made at lower levels in the organization. The degree of centralization can vary depending on the size and complexity of the organization, the type of industry, and the management style of the organization’s leaders.
- Scalar chain is the chain of command from the highest authority to the lowest level in the organization. It is a formal line of authority that defines who reports to whom. The scalar chain is important because it ensures that orders and information flow smoothly up and down the organization. It also helps to prevent confusion and conflict by establishing clear lines of authority.