The correct answer is: d) All of the above.
The 73rd Constitutional Amendment, passed in 1992, aimed to strengthen Panchayati Raj by mandating regular elections, devolving functions, finances, and functionaries, and providing constitutional status.
Mandating regular elections ensures that Panchayati Raj institutions are democratically elected and accountable to the people. Devolving functions, finances, and functionaries gives Panchayati Raj institutions the power to make decisions and implement programs at the local level. Providing constitutional status makes Panchayati Raj institutions a part of the formal political system and ensures that they have a say in decision-making at all levels of government.
The 73rd Constitutional Amendment has had a significant impact on the functioning of Panchayati Raj institutions in India. It has led to an increase in the number of elected representatives, a greater devolution of powers, and an improvement in the quality of services provided by Panchayati Raj institutions. However, there are still challenges that need to be addressed, such as ensuring that Panchayati Raj institutions are truly representative of all sections of society and that they have the resources they need to function effectively.