The correct answer is: All of the above
Tamil Nadu has a higher literacy rate than the national average, which is a result of investment in education, strong social welfare programs, and a focus on female education.
Investment in education
Tamil Nadu has a long history of investing in education. The state has one of the highest per capita spending on education in India. This investment has helped to improve the quality of education in the state and has led to higher literacy rates.
Strong social welfare programs
Tamil Nadu also has a strong social welfare system that provides support to the poor and disadvantaged. This system includes programs such as free school meals, scholarships, and healthcare. These programs have helped to reduce poverty and inequality in the state, which has also contributed to higher literacy rates.
Focus on female education
Tamil Nadu has also made a concerted effort to improve female education. The state has implemented a number of programs to encourage girls to attend school and to stay in school. These programs have been successful in increasing the number of girls enrolled in school and in reducing the gender gap in literacy rates.
As a result of these factors, Tamil Nadu has a higher literacy rate than the national average. This is a positive development that has helped to improve the lives of people in the state.