Vijayanagara Empire

21. The ruling dynasties Sangama, Saluva, Tuluva were associated with :

The ruling dynasties Sangama, Saluva, Tuluva were associated with :

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Warangal
Kashmir
Bengal
Vijayanagara
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The Sangama, Saluva, and Tuluva dynasties were successive ruling dynasties of the Vijayanagara Empire in South India. The empire was founded in the 14th century and these dynasties ruled from its establishment until the rise of the Aravidu dynasty.
The question tests knowledge about the major ruling dynasties associated with the Vijayanagara Empire.
The four dynasties that ruled the Vijayanagara Empire were Sangama (c. 1336–1485), Saluva (c. 1485–1505), Tuluva (c. 1505–1567), and Aravidu (c. 1567–1646). The empire was a significant power in South India, particularly known for its resistance to the Deccan Sultanates and its contributions to art and architecture.

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22. Ritual kinship was the hallmark of Vijayanagar rule. Vijayanagar ruler

Ritual kinship was the hallmark of Vijayanagar rule. Vijayanagar rulers claimed to have ruled on behalf of which one among the following shrines?

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Vithala
Tirupati
Virupaksha
Mallikarjuna
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The correct answer is (C) Virupaksha.
– The Vijayanagar rulers adopted a concept known as “ritual kinship” or “ritual sovereignty”.
– Under this concept, they claimed to rule on behalf of the deity Virupaksha, whose main temple was located at Hampi, the capital city.
– The kings often used the title “Virupaksha” in their inscriptions and acted as representatives of the god, managing the kingdom’s affairs and wealth seemingly as devotees or agents rather than absolute sovereigns in their own right.
– The Virupaksha temple is one of the oldest and most significant temples in Hampi, predating the Vijayanagar Empire but later expanded and patronized extensively by its rulers.
– Vithala, Tirupati, and Mallikarjuna were also important shrines within the Vijayanagar Empire’s sphere of influence, and received royal patronage, but the primary deity associated with the ritual sovereignty of the Vijayanagar rulers themselves was Virupaksha. The Vijayanagara coin currency also bore the image of Virupaksha.

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23. Sayana, the famous commentator of the Vedas, flourished under the rule

Sayana, the famous commentator of the Vedas, flourished under the rule of

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Bahmani kings
Golkonda kings
Gajapati kings
Vijayanagar kings
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The correct answer is D) Vijayanagar kings. Sayana, the renowned commentator on the Vedas, flourished under the patronage of the Vijayanagar rulers in the 14th century. He served multiple kings of the Sangama dynasty, including Bukka I and his successor Harihara II.
– Sayana was a prominent scholar and minister in the Vijayanagar Empire.
– His extensive commentaries cover almost all parts of the Vedas and are considered highly authoritative.
Sayana’s works played a crucial role in the preservation and understanding of Vedic literature. He is often associated with his elder brother Madhavacharya, who was also a scholar and minister. Their contributions were vital to the intellectual and religious life of the Vijayanagar Empire, known for its patronage of arts, literature, and diverse religious traditions.

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24. Domingo Paes describes a king in these words: ‘Of medium height, and o

Domingo Paes describes a king in these words: ‘Of medium height, and of fair complexion and good figure, rather fat than thin; he has on his face signs of smallpox’. Identify the king from the options given below.

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Krishnadeva Raya
Ram Raya
Devaraya II
Devaraya I
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The correct answer is Krishnadeva Raya.
The description provided is from the account of Domingo Paes, a Portuguese traveller who visited the Vijayanagara Empire during the reign of Krishnadeva Raya (1509-1529). Paes provided vivid descriptions of the king’s appearance, court, and the empire’s prosperity.
Krishnadeva Raya was the most famous ruler of the Tuluva dynasty of Vijayanagara. His reign is considered the zenith of the empire. Domingo Paes and another Portuguese traveler, Duarte Barbosa, provide valuable historical accounts of this period, describing the grandeur of the city and the efficiency of the administration.

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25. Vijayanagara rulers claimed that they were ruling on behalf of

Vijayanagara rulers claimed that they were ruling on behalf of

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Lord Murugan
Lord Venkateshwara
Shri Virupaksha
Shri Vallabha
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The correct answer is Shri Virupaksha.
Vijayanagara rulers claimed to rule on behalf of the deity Shri Virupaksha. The Virupaksha Temple in Hampi was central to the empire’s identity, and the rulers performed worship and ceremonies associating themselves with the divine authority vested in Virupaksha.
The Vijayanagara Empire (14th-17th centuries) was a major power in South India. Its rulers fostered a close relationship with religious institutions, particularly the Virupaksha temple, which was the patron deity of the capital city, Vijayanagara (modern Hampi). This practice of ruling on behalf of a deity was common in South Indian kingdoms, lending legitimacy and religious sanction to the rulers’ authority.

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26. Consider the following statements regarding the royal center in Vijaya

Consider the following statements regarding the royal center in Vijaya- nagara Empire :

  • 1. The royal center was located in the south-western part of the settlement
  • 2. It included over 60 temples
  • 3. About 30 building complexes at the site have been identified as palaces

Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?

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1 only
2 only
1, 2 and 3
1 and 2 only
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Statement 1: Archaeological studies of Vijayanagara (Hampi) confirm that the Royal Centre was indeed located in the south-western part of the urban core of the city. This area contained important ceremonial structures, palaces, and temples associated with the rulers. So, statement 1 is correct.
Statement 2: The Royal Centre area contains numerous structures, including temples. While pinpointing an exact number can be complex depending on the definition of the area, archaeological surveys indicate a significant concentration of temples, and ‘over 60 temples’ within or closely associated with the royal centre is consistent with archaeological findings. So, statement 2 is correct.
Statement 3: Archaeological excavations and surveys have identified various building complexes within the Royal Centre as residential or palatial structures. Sources and site maps often list approximately 30 or more such complexes identified as palaces, audience halls, or residential buildings of importance. So, statement 3 is correct.
Since all three statements align with archaeological descriptions of the Vijayanagara Royal Centre, all are correct.
The Vijayanagara Royal Centre was located in the south-western part of the city and contained a large number of temples and building complexes identified as palaces.
The Royal Centre was the political and ceremonial heart of the Vijayanagara capital, contrasting with the Sacred Centre located towards the north, which housed the Virupaksha Temple and other major religious structures.

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27. Who among the following laid the foundation of the Vijayanagara

Who among the following laid the foundation of the Vijayanagara Empire?

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Harihara and Bukka
Krishnadeva Raya
Rama Raya
Virupaksha Raya
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The correct answer is A) Harihara and Bukka.
The Vijayanagara Empire was founded in 1336 CE by Harihara I and Bukka Raya I, two brothers from the Sangama dynasty. They served under the Kakatiya rulers of Warangal and later shifted allegiance to the Kampili kingdom before establishing their own kingdom.
The empire was founded on the southern bank of the Tungabhadra River. Harihara I was the first ruler of the empire. Krishnadeva Raya was a famous later ruler, considered one of the greatest emperors of Vijayanagara (Tuluva dynasty). Rama Raya was involved in the Battle of Talikota which led to the decline of the empire.

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28. The ruins of Vijayanagara (Hampi) were brought to public light in the

The ruins of Vijayanagara (Hampi) were brought to public light in the year 1800 by the following British surveyor and engineer :

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James Prinsep
Colin Mackenzie
James Rennell
Charles Metcalfe
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The correct option is B) Colin Mackenzie.
Colin Mackenzie, an engineer and surveyor serving in the British East India Company, conducted the first survey of the ruins of Vijayanagara (modern-day Hampi) in 1800, bringing them to wider attention.
Mackenzie was a collector of historical artifacts and information. He prepared maps and documented the site, and his initial findings laid the groundwork for future archaeological work at Hampi, the capital of the Vijayanagara Empire.

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29. Who among the following travellers was from Italy and visited Vijayana

Who among the following travellers was from Italy and visited Vijayanagar Kingdom in the fifteenth century?

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Nikitin
Fa-Hien
Bernier
Nicolo Conti
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The traveller from Italy who visited the Vijayanagar Kingdom in the fifteenth century was D) Nicolo Conti.
Nicolo Conti was an Italian merchant and explorer who travelled extensively in Asia during the early 15th century. He visited the Vijayanagar Empire (likely during the reign of Devaraya I) around 1420-1421 CE and left valuable accounts of the city and the empire.
– Afanasy Nikitin was a Russian merchant who travelled to India in the late 15th century (1468-1474), primarily visiting the Bahmani Kingdom.
– Fa-Hien was a Chinese Buddhist pilgrim who visited India during the Gupta Empire (early 5th century CE).
– Francois Bernier was a French physician and traveler who visited India during the 17th century, serving in the court of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb.

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30. The Vijayanagara Empire received its death blow at the battle of:

The Vijayanagara Empire received its death blow at the battle of:

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Talikota in 1565
Panipat in 1661
Talikota in 1665
Raichur in 1510
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The correct option is A) Talikota in 1565.
The Vijayanagara Empire suffered a decisive defeat in the Battle of Talikota (also known as the Battle of Rakshasa-Tangadi) in 1565 against a confederacy of Deccan Sultanates (Bijapur, Golconda, Ahmadnagar, and Bidar). This battle led to the sacking of the capital city Vijayanagara and marked the beginning of the decline and eventual collapse of the empire.
– Option B (Panipat in 1661): The Battles of Panipat were fought in 1526, 1556, and 1761, and are primarily associated with the Delhi Sultanate, the Mughal Empire, and the Marathas, not the Vijayanagara Empire. 1661 is not a date of a major Panipat battle.
– Option C (Talikota in 1665): The year is incorrect; the battle was in 1565.
– Option D (Raichur in 1510): The Battle of Raichur (1520, not 1510) was a major victory for Krishnadevaraya of Vijayanagara against the Sultan of Bijapur, representing a peak of the empire’s power, not its death blow.

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