The World Mountain Ranges

1. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the code

Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the code given below the Lists :

List I
(Mountain range)		List II
(Country)
A. Caucasus Mountains1. Italy
B. Carpathian Mountains2. Greece
C. Apennine Mountains3. Georgia
D. Pindus Mountains4. Ukraine

Code :

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A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2
A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2
A-2, B-1, C-4, D-4
A-2, B-4, C-1, D-1
This question was previously asked in
UPSC CISF-AC-EXE – 2022
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The correct matches are:
A. Caucasus Mountains – 3. Georgia (The Caucasus range spans multiple countries including Russia, Georgia, Azerbaijan)
B. Carpathian Mountains – 4. Ukraine (The Carpathians extend across Central and Eastern Europe, including Ukraine)
C. Apennine Mountains – 1. Italy (The Apennines form the backbone of the Italian peninsula)
D. Pindus Mountains – 2. Greece (The Pindus range is located in Greece and Albania)
– These are major mountain ranges in Europe.
– Understanding the geographical location of these ranges is key to answering this question.
The Caucasus range is often considered the boundary between Europe and Asia. The Carpathians form an arc and are the second-longest mountain range in Europe.

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2. Consider the following information : Region Name of the mount

Consider the following information :

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RegionName of the mountain rangeType of mountain
1. Central AsiaVosgesFold mountain
2. EuropeAlpsBlock mountain
3. North AmericaAppalachiansFold mountain
4. South AmericaAndesFold mountain

In how many of the above rows is the given information correctly matched ?

Only one
Only two
Only three
All four
This question was previously asked in
UPSC IAS – 2024
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Let’s examine each row:
1. Central Asia, Vosges, Fold mountain: The Vosges Mountains are located in Western Europe (France/Germany), not Central Asia. They are primarily block mountains formed by faulting, not fold mountains, although they have experienced complex geological history. This row is incorrectly matched.
2. Europe, Alps, Block mountain: The Alps are located in Europe. They are classic examples of young fold mountains formed by the collision of the African and Eurasian tectonic plates. They are not block mountains. This row is incorrectly matched.
3. North America, Appalachians, Fold mountain: The Appalachian Mountains are located in eastern North America. They are ancient fold mountains formed by past continental collisions. This row is correctly matched.
4. South America, Andes, Fold mountain: The Andes Mountains are located along the western coast of South America. They are young fold mountains formed by the subduction of the Nazca Plate under the South American Plate. This row is correctly matched.
Therefore, two rows (3 and 4) are correctly matched.
– Fold mountains are formed by compressional forces leading to folding of crustal rocks (e.g., Himalayas, Alps, Andes, Rockies, Appalachians).
– Block mountains are formed by faulting and uplifting or down-dropping of blocks of crust (e.g., Vosges, Black Forest, Sierra Nevada).
Mountain types are determined by the geological processes that formed them. Fold mountains are associated with convergent plate boundaries, while block mountains are associated with faulting, often in areas of tension or rifting.

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3. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the code

Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the code given below the Lists:

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List-I
(Fold Mountain)		List-II
(Country/Continent)
A. Ural1. South America
B. Appalachians2. South Africa
C. Drakensberg3. Russia
D. Andes4. North America

Code :

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ABCD
(a)3241
(b)3421
(c)1423
(d)1243
A-3, B-2, C-4, D-1
A-3, B-4, C-2, D-1
A-1, B-4, C-2, D-3
A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3
This question was previously asked in
UPSC CAPF – 2021
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The correct answer is (B) A-3, B-4, C-2, D-1.
Matching the fold mountains to their respective countries/continents:
– Ural Mountains are located primarily in Russia and Kazakhstan, forming part of the boundary between Europe and Asia. Thus, A matches with 3 (Russia).
– The Appalachian Mountains are located in eastern North America, running primarily through the United States and Canada. Thus, B matches with 4 (North America).
– The Drakensberg Mountains are located in Southern Africa, mainly in South Africa and Lesotho. Thus, C matches with 2 (South Africa).
– The Andes Mountains are located along the western coast of South America. Thus, D matches with 1 (South America).
Fold mountains are formed when two or more of Earth’s tectonic plates are pushed together. At these converging boundaries, rocks and debris are warped and folded into mountain ranges. Major fold mountains include the Himalayas, Alps, Rockies, Andes, and Urals.

4. Which one of the following statements about the Himalayas is NOT corre

Which one of the following statements about the Himalayas is NOT correct ?

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They are young fold mountains
They have geosynclinal rocks
Himalayan frontal faults (HFF) separates Himalaya from Tibet
Indus and Sutlej rivers form antecedent drainage in Himalaya
This question was previously asked in
UPSC CAPF – 2017
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Statement A is correct: The Himalayas are formed by the collision of the Indian and Eurasian tectonic plates, making them young fold mountains. Statement B is correct: The rocks that form the Himalayas were deposited in the Tethys Sea, which was a large geosyncline before the mountain building began. Statement D is correct: The Indus and Sutlej rivers originated before the uplift of the Himalayas and maintained their courses by cutting down through the rising mountains, thus forming antecedent drainage patterns. Statement C is incorrect: The Himalayan Frontal Fault (HFF), also known as the Main Frontal Thrust (MFT), is the southernmost major fault zone in the Himalayas, separating the Lesser Himalayas and the Siwalik Hills from the Indo-Gangetic Plain. The boundary between the Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau is the Indus-Tsangpo Suture Zone (ITSZ).
The Himalayan Frontal Fault separates the Himalayas from the Indo-Gangetic Plain, not from Tibet.
The Himalayas are structured by several major fault zones running roughly parallel to the mountain range. From south to north, these include the Main Frontal Thrust (MFT or HFF), Main Boundary Thrust (MBT), Main Central Thrust (MCT), and the Indus-Tsangpo Suture Zone (ITSZ). The ITSZ marks the collision boundary between the Indian and Eurasian plates and separates the Trans-Himalaya (part of Tibet) from the Great Himalayas.

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5. Which one of the following is NOT an example of Fold Mountain ?

Which one of the following is NOT an example of Fold Mountain ?

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Mt. Fuji
Alps
Andes
Rockies
This question was previously asked in
UPSC NDA-2 – 2023
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Fold mountains are formed when tectonic forces compress layers of rock, causing them to buckle and fold. The Alps in Europe, the Andes in South America, and the Rockies in North America are all major mountain ranges formed by folding. Mount Fuji, located in Japan, is not a fold mountain; it is a stratovolcano (composite volcano), formed by successive layers of volcanic ash and lava.
Mountains are formed through various geological processes, including folding, faulting, and volcanism. Fold mountains are a result of crustal compression.
Other types of mountains include fault-block mountains (formed by faulting and uplift), volcanic mountains (formed by volcanic activity), and dome mountains (formed by upward pushing magma). Mt. Fuji is an active volcano and a prominent example of a volcanic mountain.

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6. Which one of the following mountains lies in between Caspian Sea and B

Which one of the following mountains lies in between Caspian Sea and Black Sea ?

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Caucasus
Carpathians
Apennine
Elburz
This question was previously asked in
UPSC NDA-2 – 2020
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The Caucasus Mountains are a mountain range located between the Black Sea to the west and the Caspian Sea to the east. They span parts of Georgia, Azerbaijan, Russia, Armenia, and Turkey.
Geographically, the Caucasus region is often considered the boundary between Europe and Asia. The greater Caucasus range stretches from the Taman Peninsula on the Black Sea to the Absheron Peninsula on the Caspian Sea.
Other options are incorrect:
– Carpathians are a mountain range in Central and Eastern Europe.
– Apennines are a mountain range running the length of Italy.
– Elburz (Alborz) is a mountain range in northern Iran, south of the Caspian Sea.

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7. Which of the following statements regarding Mount Kilimanjaro in Afric

Which of the following statements regarding Mount Kilimanjaro in Africa is/are correct ?

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  • It is situated on the Equator.
  • It is the highest free standing mountain in the world.

Select the answer using the code given below :

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1 only
2 only
Both 1 and 2
Neither 1 nor 2
This question was previously asked in
UPSC Geoscientist – 2024
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The second statement, “It is the highest free standing mountain in the world,” is correct. Mount Kilimanjaro is widely recognised as the world’s highest free-standing mountain. The first statement, “It is situated on the Equator,” is incorrect. Mount Kilimanjaro is located in Tanzania, which is just south of the Equator.
Mount Kilimanjaro is located near, but not on, the Equator and is the highest free-standing mountain globally.
Mount Kilimanjaro is a dormant volcano and the highest mountain in Africa. It is located in Kilimanjaro National Park in Tanzania. While Tanzania lies just south of the Equator, the mountain itself is situated at approximately 3 degrees South latitude.

8. Which one among the following is the highest mountain in Africa ?

Which one among the following is the highest mountain in Africa ?

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Atlas Mountain
Mount Kilimanjaro
Mount Kenya
Mount Elgon
This question was previously asked in
UPSC CDS-2 – 2023
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Mount Kilimanjaro is the highest mountain in Africa. It is a dormant volcano in Tanzania.
Mount Kilimanjaro has three volcanic cones: Kibo, Mawenzi, and Shira. Its highest peak is Uhuru Peak on the Kibo cone, reaching an elevation of 5,895 metres (19,341 feet) above sea level.
The Atlas Mountains are a mountain range in Northwest Africa. Mount Kenya is the second highest mountain in Africa, located in Kenya. Mount Elgon is an extinct shield volcano on the border of Uganda and Kenya, one of the oldest and largest solitary volcanic mountains in East Africa, but not the highest.

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9. Which one of the following mountains separates Black Sea and Caspian

Which one of the following mountains separates Black Sea and Caspian Sea?

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Urals
Caucasus
Carpathians
Balkan mountains
This question was previously asked in
UPSC CDS-2 – 2019
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The Caucasus mountains separate the Black Sea and Caspian Sea.
– The Caucasus Mountains are a mountain range at the intersection of Europe and Asia, between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea.
– They are typically divided into the Greater Caucasus and Lesser Caucasus ranges.
– They form a significant geographical barrier and are often considered part of the boundary between Europe and Asia.
– The Urals mountains are located in Western Russia, forming part of the boundary between Europe and Asia, running roughly north-south and extending from the Arctic Ocean to the Ural River and northwestern Kazakhstan.
– The Carpathians are a range in Central and Eastern Europe, extending in an arc across several countries including Romania, Ukraine, Poland, Slovakia, Czech Republic, and Hungary.
– The Balkan mountains are a range in Southeast Europe, primarily in Bulgaria and Serbia.

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