Social Development

21. Vaikom Movement was associated with which one of the following issues?

Vaikom Movement was associated with which one of the following issues?

Land rights of the peasants of Kerala
Temple entry struggle in Kerala
Rights of fishing community in Karnataka
Genetically modified crop cultivation in Tamil Nadu
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UPSC CBI DSP LDCE – 2023
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The correct option is B) Temple entry struggle in Kerala. The Vaikom Movement (Vaikom Satyagraha) took place in 1924-1925 in Travancore (present-day Kerala). It was a non-violent agitation for the right of ‘untouchables’ to use the roads around the Vaikom Mahadeva Temple, which were restricted to upper castes. It was a pioneering movement in the broader struggle for temple entry rights and against caste-based discrimination and untouchability in South India.
– Vaikom Movement occurred in Travancore (Kerala).
– It was a protest against restrictions on ‘untouchables’ using roads around a temple.
– It is considered a key event in the temple entry movement.
Prominent leaders involved included T.K. Madhavan, K.P. Kesava Menon, and George Joseph. Mahatma Gandhi also visited Vaikom and participated in discussions related to the movement. It paved the way for further temple entry movements in Kerala, like the Guruvayoor Satyagraha and the Temple Entry Proclamation of 1936 by the Maharaja of Travancore.

22. What is the name of the Indian community newspaper that is written, ed

What is the name of the Indian community newspaper that is written, edited, produced, marketed and distributed by Indian women since early 2000s?

Kalantar
Usha Kirana
Uttara Mahila Patrika
Khabar Lahariya
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UPSC CBI DSP LDCE – 2023
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The correct option is D) Khabar Lahariya. Khabar Lahariya is a unique rural news initiative in India, founded in 2002, that is written, edited, produced, marketed, and distributed entirely by rural women, primarily from marginalized communities. It started as a weekly newspaper and has since evolved into a digital news platform, reporting from various states in local languages and dialects, often covering issues overlooked by mainstream media.
– Khabar Lahariya is a rural newspaper initiative.
– It is run entirely by women from early 2000s.
– It reports on local issues, often from a feminist perspective.
Khabar Lahariya is known for empowering women journalists from rural backgrounds and providing news coverage from grassroots levels, often focusing on social justice, gender equality, and political accountability. It has gained international recognition for its work.

23. Consider the following statements : 1. ‘Right to the City’ is an agr

Consider the following statements :

  • 1. ‘Right to the City’ is an agreed human right and the UN-Habitat monitors the commitments made by each country in this regard.
  • 2. ‘Right to the City’ gives every occupant of the city the right to reclaim public spaces and public participation in the city.
  • 3. ‘Right to the City’ means that the State cannot deny any public service or facility to the unauthorized colonies in the city.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

1 only
3 only
1 and 2
2 and 3
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UPSC IAS – 2021
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Let’s analyze the statements about the ‘Right to the City’.
Statement 1: While ‘Right to the City’ is not yet a universally codified international human right in the same vein as, say, the right to life or liberty, the concept is gaining traction and is incorporated in international documents like the New Urban Agenda adopted at Habitat III (2016). The New Urban Agenda mentions the ‘Right to the City’ and UN-Habitat is the custodian agency for monitoring progress towards the Agenda’s goals, which align with the principles of inclusive and equitable cities. Given this context, Statement 1 can be considered correct in the sense that it is a recognized concept promoted in UN forums, and UN-Habitat plays a role related to it.
Statement 2: A core aspect of the ‘Right to the City’, as conceptualized by thinkers like Henri Lefebvre and David Harvey, is the right of all urban inhabitants to use, occupy, and produce the city, emphasizing democratic control over urban space and resources, including the right to reclaim public spaces and participate in urban decision-making. Thus, Statement 2 is correct.
Statement 3: The ‘Right to the City’ concept promotes inclusion and equitable access to services for all inhabitants. However, stating that the State “cannot deny any public service or facility to the unauthorized colonies” is an oversimplification and not a universally accepted legal implication of the concept. Provision of services to unauthorized settlements is a complex legal and policy issue and the State’s capacity and obligation often depend on specific national laws and policies, which may distinguish between legal and unauthorized settlements. Thus, Statement 3 is not correct.
Based on the analysis, Statements 1 (interpreted generously in the context of international recognition and UN-Habitat’s role) and 2 are correct, while Statement 3 is incorrect. Therefore, the correct option is C.
– The ‘Right to the City’ is a conceptual framework emphasizing inclusion, participation, and equitable use of urban spaces.
– It advocates for the right of all inhabitants to shape the city and participate in its governance.
– While promoted in international forums like UN-Habitat, its status as a legally binding, universally agreed human right is debated.
– The concept does not automatically grant residents of unauthorized settlements an absolute right to demand all public services regardless of legal status.
The New Urban Agenda (2016) includes language that reflects the principles of the ‘Right to the City’, promoting cities for all and equitable access to urban services. Many civil society organizations and academics advocate for the formal recognition of the ‘Right to the City’ as a human right.

24. With reference to India, the terms ‘Halbi, Ho and Kui’ pertain to

With reference to India, the terms ‘Halbi, Ho and Kui’ pertain to

dance forms of Northwest India
musical instruments
pre-historic cave paintings
tribal languages
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UPSC IAS – 2021
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Option D is the correct answer. Halbi, Ho, and Kui are names of tribal languages spoken in different parts of India, particularly in the central and eastern regions.
India is home to numerous languages, including many tribal languages belonging to different language families. Halbi is an Indo-Aryan language, while Ho belongs to the Munda branch of the Austroasiatic languages, and Kui is a Dravidian language.
These names are specifically associated with linguistic groups and their languages, not dance forms, musical instruments, or pre-historic cave paintings. For example, the Ho people speak the Ho language, and the Kandha people speak the Kui language.

25. Consider the following statements about Particularly Vulnerable Tribal

Consider the following statements about Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) in India :

  • PVTGs reside in 18 States and one Union Territory.
  • A stagnant or declining population is one of the criteria for determining PVTG status.
  • There are 95 PVTGs officially notified in the country so far.
  • Irular and Konda Reddi tribes are included in the list of PVTGs.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

1, 2 and 3
2, 3 and 4
1, 2 and 4
1, 3 and 4
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UPSC IAS – 2019
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Statements 1, 2 and 4 are correct, while statement 3 is incorrect.
– Statement 1 is correct. Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) are officially recognized as residing in 18 States and one Union Territory (Andaman & Nicobar Islands) in India.
– Statement 2 is correct. A stagnant or declining population is one of the key criteria used by the Government of India to identify and categorize a tribal group as a PVTG. Other criteria include pre-agricultural level of technology, extremely low literacy level, subsistence level of economy, and isolation.
– Statement 3 is incorrect. As per official records, there are 75 PVTGs notified in the country, not 95. They are spread across 18 States and the UT of Andaman & Nicobar Islands.
– Statement 4 is correct. The Irular tribe (primarily found in Tamil Nadu and Kerala) and the Konda Reddi tribe (primarily found in Andhra Pradesh) are both included in the official list of PVTGs.
PVTGs are considered the most vulnerable among tribal groups due to factors like declining population, low literacy, and subsistence economy. The government runs specific schemes for the development and welfare of PVTGs, focusing on areas like education, health, livelihood, and infrastructure.

26. International Labour Organization’s Conventions 138 and 182 are relate

International Labour Organization’s Conventions 138 and 182 are related to

Child labour
Adaptation of agricultural practices to global climate change
Regulation of food prices and food security
Gender parity at the workplace
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UPSC IAS – 2018
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The International Labour Organization (ILO) Conventions 138 (Minimum Age Convention, 1973) and 182 (Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999) are the two fundamental conventions specifically dealing with child labour.
Convention 138 establishes a minimum age for employment or work, which should not be less than the age of completion of compulsory schooling and, in any case, not less than 15 years (with exceptions for developing countries).
Convention 182 calls for immediate and effective measures to secure the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labour, such as slavery, child trafficking, debt bondage, forced labour, recruitment for armed conflict, prostitution, pornography, and hazardous work.
India has ratified both ILO Conventions 138 and 182. These conventions are considered among the eight fundamental conventions of the ILO, covering core labour rights.

27. What is the aim of the programme ‘Unnat Bharat Abhiyan’?

What is the aim of the programme ‘Unnat Bharat Abhiyan’?

Achieving 100% literacy by promoting collaboration between voluntary organizations and government’s education system and local communities.
Connecting institutions of higher education with local communities to address development challenges through appropriate technologies.
Strengthening India’s scientific research institutions in order to make India a scientific and technological power.
Developing human capital by allocating special funds for health care and education of rural and urban poor, and organizing skill development programmes and vocational training for them.
This question was previously asked in
UPSC IAS – 2017
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The aim of the programme ‘Unnat Bharat Abhiyan’ is to connect institutions of higher education with local communities to address the development challenges of rural India through appropriate technologies and knowledge transfer.
Under UBA, participating Higher Education Institutions adopt a cluster of villages and work with the local communities to understand their problems and come up with technological interventions and solutions based on the institutions’ expertise to contribute to the sustainable development of these areas.
UBA is an initiative by the Ministry of Human Resource Development (now Ministry of Education). It aims to create a virtuous cycle between society and a higher education system, with the latter providing knowledge and technology to improve rural livelihoods and the former helping the latter to shape research and education programs.

28. What is the purpose of Vidyanjali Yojana’? 1. To enable the famous for

What is the purpose of Vidyanjali Yojana’?
1. To enable the famous foreign educational institutions to open their campuses in India.
2. To increase the quality of education provided in government schools by taking help from the private sector and the community.
3. To encourage voluntary monetary contributions from private individuals and organizations so as to improve the infrastructure facilities for primary and secondary schools.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:

2 only
3 only
1 and 2 only
2 and 3 only
This question was previously asked in
UPSC IAS – 2017
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Statement 2 correctly describes the purpose of Vidyanjali Yojana: to improve the quality of education in government schools by leveraging support from the private sector and the community through volunteering.
Vidyanjali is a school volunteer initiative launched by the Ministry of Education (formerly MHRD) to connect schools with volunteers from various backgrounds, including retired professionals, NRIs, homemakers, and youth, who can contribute their time and skills to support school activities and enhance the learning environment.
Statement 1 is incorrect as the scheme is not related to foreign educational institutions opening campuses. Statement 3 is partially correct in that community participation might include contributions, but the primary focus of Vidyanjali is on soliciting volunteer services (time, skills, activities) rather than predominantly monetary contributions for infrastructure development, which falls under other schemes.

29. Consider the following pairs : Traditions Communities

Consider the following pairs :

Traditions Communities
1. Chaliha Sahib Festival Sindhis
2. Nanda Raj Jaat Yatra Gonds
3. Wari-Warkari Santhals

Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched ?

1 only
2 and 3 only
1 and 3 only
None of the above
This question was previously asked in
UPSC IAS – 2017
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The correct answer is A) 1 only, because the Chaliha Sahib Festival is indeed a significant festival celebrated by the Sindhi community, while the other pairs are incorrectly matched.
– Chaliha Sahib Festival is an important 40-day festival observed by the Sindhi Hindu community to venerate Jhulelal, their patron saint.
– Nanda Raj Jaat Yatra is a famous pilgrimage and cultural event held every 12 years in Uttarakhand, associated with the Garhwali people, not Gonds. Gonds are a major tribal group in central India.
– Wari-Warkari refers to the pilgrimage (Wari) tradition of the Warkari sect in Maharashtra, who undertake annual pilgrimages (Padayatra) to Pandharpur to worship Lord Vitthal (Vithoba). Santhals are a tribal group mainly concentrated in Jharkhand, West Bengal, Bihar, and Odisha.
The Warkari tradition is a significant cultural and religious movement in Maharashtra, emphasizing communal living, equality, and devotion through Kirtan (singing devotional songs). The Nanda Raj Jaat Yatra is one of the longest pilgrimages in the Himalayas. Understanding the geographical distribution and cultural practices of different communities is important for such questions.

30. Consider the following in respect of ‘National Career Service’: 1. Nat

Consider the following in respect of ‘National Career Service’:
1. National Career Service is an initiative of the Department of Personnel and Training, Government of India.
2. National Career Service has been launched in a Mission Mode to improve the employment opportunities to uneducated youth of the country.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

1 only
2 only
Both 1 and 2
Neither 1 nor 2
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UPSC IAS – 2017
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Statement 2 is correct, while statement 1 is incorrect.
– Statement 1 is incorrect. The National Career Service (NCS) is an initiative of the Ministry of Labour and Employment, Government of India, not the Department of Personnel and Training.
– Statement 2 is correct. NCS has been launched in a Mission Mode and one of its objectives is to improve employment opportunities for various categories of citizens, including youth (both educated and uneducated), by providing job matching, counselling, training information, etc. While it serves a broad population, improving opportunities for uneducated youth is indeed part of its mandate.
The National Career Service portal (www.ncs.gov.in) is a central platform that provides a wide range of career-related services including job search, career counseling, training details, skill development courses, and information on self-employment schemes. It aims to connect job seekers, employers, skill providers, career counselors, and government departments.
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