Plant Reproduction

1. Fruit formation from the thalamus instead of ovary is known as false f

Fruit formation from the thalamus instead of ovary is known as false fruit. The most common examples are

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orange and mango
mango and banana
apple and strawberry
guava and cherry
This question was previously asked in
UPSC CISF-AC-EXE – 2024
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The correct answer is C) apple and strawberry.
A false fruit (or accessory fruit) is one where the fleshy, edible part is developed from tissues other than the ovary, such as the thalamus, petals, or sepals. In apples and strawberries, the edible fleshy part is primarily derived from the receptacle (thalamus).
True fruits develop exclusively from the ovary after fertilization. Examples include mango, orange, tomato, and cherry. Banana is also considered a true fruit, often developing parthenocarpically (without fertilization). Guava is a true fruit.

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2. The arrangement and distribution of flowers over a plant is called

The arrangement and distribution of flowers over a plant is called

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flowering
inflorescence
thalamus
aestivation
This question was previously asked in
UPSC CISF-AC-EXE – 2024
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The correct answer is B) inflorescence.
The arrangement of flowers on the floral axis of a plant is known as inflorescence. This arrangement can vary widely among different plant species (e.g., spike, raceme, panicle, umbel, capitulum).
Flowering is the process of producing flowers. Thalamus (or receptacle) is the part of the flower stalk from which the floral parts arise. Aestivation refers to the arrangement of petals and sepals within a flower bud before it opens.

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3. Which one of the following is not a female reproductive organ of

Which one of the following is not a female reproductive organ of flower?

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Style
Ovary
Pollen
Stigma
This question was previously asked in
UPSC CISF-AC-EXE – 2019
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Pollen is the male gametophyte of a flower.
The female reproductive part of a flower is called the pistil or carpel, typically consisting of three parts: the stigma (receives pollen), the style (stalk connecting stigma to ovary), and the ovary (contains ovules, which develop into seeds). The male part is the stamen, consisting of the anther (produces pollen) and the filament.
Style, Ovary, and Stigma are all components of the pistil/carpel, which constitutes the female reproductive organ(s) of a flower. Pollen grains are produced by the anthers, which are part of the male reproductive organs (stamens).

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4. Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding vegetative

Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding vegetative propagation of plants?

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  • 1. Vegetative propagation produces clonal population.
  • 2. Vegetative propagation helps in eliminating the virus.
  • 3. Vegetative propagation can be practiced most of the year.

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

1 only
2 and 3 only
1 and 3 only
1, 2 and 3
This question was previously asked in
UPSC IAS – 2014
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The correct answer is D) 1, 2 and 3. All three statements regarding vegetative propagation are generally considered correct in the context of its benefits and applications.
1. **Clonal population:** Vegetative propagation involves using parts of a single parent plant (like stems, roots, leaves, buds) to grow new plants. The offspring are genetically identical to the parent plant, thus forming a clonal population.
2. **Eliminating virus:** Specific techniques within vegetative propagation, such as meristem culture, are effectively used to produce virus-free plants from infected stock. While not all vegetative methods eliminate viruses, this is a significant application.
3. **Practiced most of the year:** Compared to sexual reproduction from seeds which is often seasonal, many vegetative propagation methods can be carried out across a wider range of the year, especially under controlled environmental conditions like greenhouses.
Vegetative propagation offers advantages such as maintaining desirable traits of the parent plant, faster maturation compared to seed-grown plants, and propagation of plants that do not produce viable seeds. Techniques include cutting, grafting, layering, tissue culture, etc.

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5. Buds produced in the notches along the leaf margin of Bryophyllum fall

Buds produced in the notches along the leaf margin of Bryophyllum fall on soil and develop into new plants. This is an example of which one of the following types of reproduction?

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Vegetative propagation
Budding
Spore formation
Regeneration
This question was previously asked in
UPSC CAPF – 2022
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The correct answer is A) Vegetative propagation.
Vegetative propagation is a form of asexual reproduction in plants where new individuals are produced from vegetative parts of the parent plant, such as roots, stems, or leaves, rather than from seeds or spores. In Bryophyllum, adventitious buds develop in the notches along the leaf margin; these buds can detach, fall to the ground, and grow into new plants, which is a classic example of vegetative propagation via leaves.
Budding is a type of asexual reproduction, but it typically involves the formation of a bud that develops into a new individual while attached to the parent (e.g., yeast, Hydra) or as a horticultural technique (bud grafting). Spore formation is a reproductive method found in fungi, bacteria, algae, and some plants like ferns and mosses. Regeneration is the ability of an organism to regrow lost body parts.

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6. After fertilization, the ovule and ovary subsequently develop to form

After fertilization, the ovule and ovary subsequently develop to form

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seed and fruit respectively
fruit and seed respectively
seed and flower respectively
degenerated ovule and seedless fruit respectively
This question was previously asked in
UPSC CAPF – 2020
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In flowering plants, following fertilization, the ovule develops into the seed, which contains the embryo and stored food. The ovary, which encloses the ovules, develops into the fruit, protecting the seed(s) and often aiding in their dispersal.
Fertilization triggers the post-fertilization changes in the flower, leading to the development of the fruit from the ovary and the seed(s) from the ovule(s).
The fruit wall is derived from the ovary wall and is called the pericarp. Different parts of the flower, such as the petals, sepals, and stamens, usually wither and fall off after fertilization.

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7. Pollens are produced in

Pollens are produced in

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Corolla
Style
Stigma
Anther
This question was previously asked in
UPSC CAPF – 2019
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Pollens, which contain the male gametes of flowering plants, are produced within the anthers. The anther is the part of the stamen, the male reproductive organ of a flower.
– The stamen consists of a filament and an anther.
– The anther contains pollen sacs where pollen grains develop.
– Pollen grains are released from the anther for pollination.
The corolla is made up of petals, which are often brightly colored to attract pollinators. The style and stigma are parts of the pistil (or carpel), the female reproductive organ. The stigma is the receptive tip where pollen lands during pollination, and the style is a stalk connecting the stigma to the ovary.

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8. In which one among the following the vegetative propagation takes plac

In which one among the following the vegetative propagation takes place through Eye Buds ?

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Potato
Ginger
Onion
Sugarcane
This question was previously asked in
UPSC NDA-2 – 2024
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The correct answer is A) Potato.
Vegetative propagation is a form of asexual reproduction in plants where new individuals are produced from vegetative parts like roots, stems, leaves, and buds. In potatoes, the underground stem (tuber) has structures called ‘eyes’, which are actually dormant buds. Each eye can grow into a new potato plant under favourable conditions.
Other plants also exhibit vegetative propagation through different structures: Ginger propagates through rhizomes (underground stems) which have nodes and buds. Onion propagates through bulbs, which are modified stems with fleshy leaves containing buds. Sugarcane propagates through stem cuttings which have nodes and buds. While all these involve buds, the term ‘eye buds’ is specifically associated with the potato tuber.

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9. Which one of the following combinations of events represents the corre

Which one of the following combinations of events represents the correct sequence during reproduction in flowering plants ?

Ovule → fruit; egg → embryo
Embryo → egg; ovary → fruit
Ovule → zygote; zygote → seed
Ovary → fruit; zygote → egg; embryo → ovule; seed → fruit
This question was previously asked in
UPSC NDA-2 – 2023
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This question is potentially flawed as multiple options contain incorrect pairings or sequences. However, evaluating the given options based on common transformations and developmental steps in flowering plant reproduction:
– Ovary develops into fruit (Ovary → fruit): This is a correct transformation that occurs after fertilization.
– Ovule develops into seed (Ovule → seed): This is a correct transformation.
– Egg (after fertilization, becomes zygote) develops into embryo (Egg → embryo, simplified lineage): This represents a correct developmental lineage, though it skips the zygote stage.
– Zygote develops into embryo (Zygote → embryo): This is a correct developmental step.

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Let’s examine the options:
A) Ovule → fruit (Incorrect); egg → embryo (Correct lineage, simplified). Contains one incorrect and one correct (simplified) pairing.
B) Embryo → egg (Incorrect sequence); ovary → fruit (Correct transformation). Contains one incorrect and one correct pairing.
C) Ovule → zygote (Incorrect); zygote → seed (Incorrect). Contains two incorrect pairings.
D) Ovary → fruit (Correct transformation); zygote → egg (Incorrect sequence); embryo → ovule (Incorrect transformation); seed → fruit (Incorrect transformation). Contains one correct and multiple incorrect pairings.

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Comparing options A and B, both contain one correct/partially correct statement paired with an incorrect one. Option B contains the direct and standard transformation “ovary → fruit”. While “egg → embryo” in A is a correct developmental lineage, “ovary → fruit” in B is a more direct transformation outcome commonly paired in such questions. Given the potential flaw in the question structure where combinations might mix correct and incorrect statements, option B is selected as the most likely intended answer because it contains the key correct transformation “ovary → fruit”.

Key transformations in flowering plant reproduction include Ovary developing into Fruit and Ovule developing into Seed. The egg cell participates in the formation of the embryo (Egg → Zygote → Embryo). Option B includes the correct transformation “ovary → fruit”.
The structure of this question with multiple pairings in options, some of which are incorrect, suggests it might be testing the identification of *any* correct transformation or sequence within the combination, despite the combination as a whole not necessarily representing a strict sequence of pairs. In typical questions, “Ovary → fruit” and “Ovule → seed” are standard correct transformations.

10. Which one of the following is the correct sequence during sexual repro

Which one of the following is the correct sequence during sexual reproduction in Angiosperms ?

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Egg → zygote → embryo → seed
Embryo → egg → zygote → seed
Egg → embryo → zygote → seed
Egg → seed → zygote → embryo
This question was previously asked in
UPSC NDA-2 – 2023
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During sexual reproduction in Angiosperms (flowering plants), the sequence of development starting from the female gamete is as follows: The haploid egg cell fuses with a haploid sperm cell during fertilization to form a diploid zygote. The zygote undergoes mitotic divisions and differentiation to develop into a multicellular embryo. The embryo is contained within the seed, which develops from the ovule after fertilization. Therefore, the correct sequence is Egg → zygote → embryo → seed.
The developmental sequence after fertilization in flowering plants is Egg + Sperm → Zygote → Embryo → Seed.
The seed is a mature ovule, and the fruit is a mature ovary, both developing after fertilization and containing the embryo within the seed.

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