Planning

21. Plan allocation in agriculture and irrigation as percentage of total p

Plan allocation in agriculture and irrigation as percentage of total plan outlay was highest in :

[amp_mcq option1=”Seventh Five-Year Plan” option2=”Third Five-Year Plan” option3=”First Five-Year Plan” option4=”Second Five-Year Plan” correct=”option3″]

This question was previously asked in
UPSC NDA-1 – 2023
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The correct answer is C) First Five-Year Plan.
The First Five-Year Plan (1951-1956) focused heavily on addressing the challenges of food scarcity and agricultural backwardness faced by India after independence. It gave top priority to agriculture, irrigation, and power projects necessary for agricultural development. Consequently, the percentage of total plan outlay allocated to agriculture and irrigation was highest in the First Plan compared to the subsequent plans listed, as the focus shifted more towards industrialization in the Second Plan and later plans, although agriculture remained important.
Exact percentages vary slightly depending on the source and what is included (e.g., rural development), but the First Plan is widely recognized for its primary focus on agriculture. The allocation was approximately 31% of the total outlay, the highest among the given options and generally the highest across all plans dedicated specifically to this sector.

22. The idea of Planning in Independent India was drawn from

The idea of Planning in Independent India was drawn from

[amp_mcq option1=”the Bombay Plan” option2=”the demand made by peasants” option3=”the demand made by workers’ unions” option4=”the Gandhian vision of India’s future” correct=”option1″]

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UPSC NDA-1 – 2022
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The idea of Planning in Independent India was significantly drawn from and influenced by the Bombay Plan.
The Bombay Plan, formulated in 1944 by a group of prominent Indian industrialists, proposed a 15-year plan for India’s economic development. It advocated for significant state intervention in the economy, including investment in industries and infrastructure. While the idea of planning was already present within the national movement (e.g., National Planning Committee under Nehru, 1938), the Bombay Plan was a concrete and influential blueprint that demonstrated broad elite consensus on the necessity of planning for rapid industrialization after independence.
Independent India adopted a model of mixed economy with a strong emphasis on state-led planning, inspired by socialist ideas and the success observed in planned economies elsewhere. While the final plans were not identical to the Bombay Plan, the latter was a crucial pre-independence document that shaped the discourse and demonstrated the feasibility and acceptance of large-scale planning among Indian elites, including the capitalist class.

23. Which one of the following is not a feature of the Nehru-Mahalanobis m

Which one of the following is not a feature of the Nehru-Mahalanobis model of development strategy ?

[amp_mcq option1=”Development of capital goods industries” option2=”Major involvement of the State in the economy” option3=”Industrial deregulation and disinvestment in the public sector” option4=”Enhancing the scope and importance of the public sector” correct=”option3″]

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UPSC NDA-1 – 2016
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The Nehru-Mahalanobis model, which formed the basis of India’s Second Five-Year Plan (1956-1961), was characterized by a strong emphasis on heavy industrialization, a significant role for the state, and expansion of the public sector. Industrial deregulation and disinvestment in the public sector are features associated with the economic reforms of the 1990s, which were a departure from the Nehru-Mahalanobis approach.
– The model focused on rapid growth through the development of basic and heavy industries (capital goods industries).
– It advocated for a command economy framework with major state intervention and planning.
– The public sector was assigned a leading role in economic development.
– Industrial deregulation and disinvestment are policies aimed at reducing state control and shrinking the public sector, which are antithetical to the Nehru-Mahalanobis model.
P.C. Mahalanobis was a statistician who developed the economic model adopted for the Second Five-Year Plan. This period marked a shift towards state-led industrialization, contrasting with the earlier focus on agriculture and irrigation in the First Five-Year Plan.

24. The Second Five Year Plan that called for the establishment of Sociali

The Second Five Year Plan that called for the establishment of Socialist pattern of society was commonly referred to as the

[amp_mcq option1=”Harrod-Domar Plan” option2=”Mahalanobis Plan” option3=”Nehru Plan” option4=”Peoples Plan” correct=”option2″]

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UPSC NDA-1 – 2015
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The correct answer is B) Mahalanobis Plan. The Second Five Year Plan (1956-1961) is commonly referred to as the Mahalanobis Plan because its framework was largely based on the economic model developed by the statistician P. C. Mahalanobis.
– The Second Five Year Plan focused on rapid industrialization, with particular emphasis on the development of heavy industries.
– This plan aimed at achieving a ‘socialist pattern of society’ through state control over key sectors.
– P. C. Mahalanobis provided the theoretical and statistical foundation for this plan, emphasizing investment in basic and heavy industries.
The First Five Year Plan (1951-1956) was primarily based on the Harrod-Domar model, focusing on agriculture and irrigation. The Mahalanobis model stressed a shift towards industrial growth. Jawaharlal Nehru was the Prime Minister during this period and a strong proponent of socialist ideas and planning, but the plan itself is associated with Mahalanobis’s model. The “People’s Plan” was a separate economic plan proposed in 1944 by M.N. Roy.

25. Which of the following Five Year Plans emphasized the need for establi

Which of the following Five Year Plans emphasized the need for establishing a “Socialist Pattern of Society” in India?

[amp_mcq option1=”2nd Five Year Plan” option2=”3rd Five Year Plan” option3=”4th Five Year Plan” option4=”5th Five Year Plan” correct=”option1″]

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UPSC Geoscientist – 2020
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The Second Five Year Plan (1956-1961) explicitly adopted the objective of establishing a “Socialist Pattern of Society” in India. This plan was largely based on the Mahalanobis model.
The socialist pattern of society implied that the state would play a dominant role in the economy, focusing on rapid industrialization, development of heavy industries, and expansion of the public sector to reduce inequalities and concentration of economic power.
This goal was formally accepted by the Indian National Congress in its Avadi Session in 1955. The First Five Year Plan (1951-1956) focused primarily on agriculture and irrigation.

26. Which one among the following was the focus of the Twelfth Five-Year P

Which one among the following was the focus of the Twelfth Five-Year Plan ?

[amp_mcq option1=”Sustainable and Inclusive Growth” option2=”Social Justice and Equality” option3=”Food, Work and Productivity” option4=”Attainment of Self-reliance” correct=”option1″]

This question was previously asked in
UPSC CDS-2 – 2024
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The correct option is A. The question asks for the focus of the Twelfth Five-Year Plan (2012-2017).
The official theme and focus of the Twelfth Five-Year Plan of India (2012-2017) was “Faster, More Inclusive and Sustainable Growth”. Option A, “Sustainable and Inclusive Growth”, accurately captures the core elements of this focus.
Option B, “Social Justice and Equality”, is a broad goal integrated into various plans but was not the defining theme of the Twelfth Plan. Option C, “Food, Work and Productivity”, was a key focus of the Seventh Five-Year Plan (1985-1990). Option D, “Attainment of Self-reliance”, was a prominent objective in earlier plans, particularly the Fifth Five-Year Plan (1974-1979). The Twelfth Plan specifically aimed to accelerate the growth rate, ensure its benefits reached all sections of society (inclusivity), and ensure the growth path was environmentally sound and resource-efficient (sustainability).

27. Arrange the following events in sequential order as they happened in I

Arrange the following events in sequential order as they happened in India:

  • 1. Mahalanobis Model
  • 2. Plan Holiday
  • 3. Rolling Plan

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

[amp_mcq option1=”1, 2, 3″ option2=”3, 2, 1″ option3=”2, 3, 1″ option4=”1, 3, 2″ correct=”option1″]

This question was previously asked in
UPSC CDS-2 – 2017
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The correct chronological order of the events is Mahalanobis Model, followed by Plan Holiday, and then Rolling Plan.
The Mahalanobis Model was the basis for the Second Five Year Plan (1956-1961). The Plan Holiday occurred after the Third Five Year Plan (1966-1969). The Rolling Plan concept was introduced by the Janata Party government for the period 1978-1980.
The Mahalanobis model focused on rapid industrialization with emphasis on heavy industries. The Plan Holiday was a period of annual plans due to economic and political crises. The Rolling Plan was designed as a flexible planning system where targets and projections are updated annually.

28. What is ‘PM Gati Shakti’ often seen in the news ?

What is ‘PM Gati Shakti’ often seen in the news ?

[amp_mcq option1=”An integrated digital platform for infrastructure development” option2=”A poverty alleviation programme of the Union Government” option3=”A holistic welfare programme meant for migrant labour” option4=”A master plan to develop the country’s defence capabilities” correct=”option1″]

This question was previously asked in
UPSC CISF-AC-EXE – 2022
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PM Gati Shakti is an initiative launched by the Government of India that aims to create a National Master Plan for multi-modal connectivity. It is an integrated digital platform designed to bring together 16 ministries, including Railways, Roads and Highways, Petroleum and Gas, Power, Telecom, Shipping, Aviation, etc., for integrated planning and coordinated implementation of infrastructure connectivity projects. Its goal is to reduce logistical costs, improve turnaround time, and make supply chains more efficient.
– PM Gati Shakti is a National Master Plan for multi-modal connectivity.
– It’s an integrated digital platform involving multiple government ministries.
– The primary aim is coordinated planning and execution of infrastructure projects.
– Objectives include reducing logistics costs and improving efficiency.
The initiative uses technology like spatial planning tools with ISRO imagery to streamline planning and identify potential project bottlenecks. It is a key program aimed at boosting India’s economic growth through infrastructure development.
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